What Is an Oxyanion Chemistry Definition

An anion is an ion that carries a net negative electrical charges. Because the anions are such a large group of ions, they may be further divided according to type. One type of anion is an oxyanion or oxoanion. Oxyanion Definition An oxyanion is an anion containing oxygen. The general formula of an oxyanion is AxOyz-, where A is an element symbol, O is an oxygen atom, and x, y, and z are integer values. Most elements can form oxyanions, meeting the conditions of the octet rule. Oxyanion Examples Nitrate (NO3-), Nitrite (NO2-), sulfite (SO32-) and hypochlorite (ClO-) are all oxyanions. Source Mueller, U. (1993).  Inorganic Structural Chemistry. Wiley.

Where Did Phobos and Deimos Come From

Mars has always fascinated humans. The Red Planet holds many mysteries, which our landers and probes are helping scientists solve. Among them is the question of where the two Martian moons came from and how they got there. Phobos and Deimos look more like asteroids than moons, and that has caused many planetary scientists to look for their origin somewhere else in the solar system. Others maintain that those moons may have formed when Mars did or are the result of some catastrophic event early in the history of the solar system. Chances are good that when the first missions land on Phobos, rock samples will tell a more definitive story about these mysterious companion moons. Asteroid Capture Theory One clue about the origins of Phobos and Deimos lies in their makeup. Both have many characteristics in common with two types of asteroids common in the belt: C- and D-type asteroids. These are carbonaceous (meaning they are rich in the element carbon, which bonds easily with other elements). Also, judging by the look of Phobos, its easy to assume that it and its sister moon Deimos  are both  captured objects from the Asteroid Belt. This is not an unlikely scenario.  After all asteroids break free from the belt all the time. This happens as a result of collisions, gravitational perturbations, and other random interactions that affect an asteroids orbit and send it off in a new direction.  Then, should one of them stray too close to a planet, like Mars, the planets gravitational pull could confine the interloper to a new orbit.   If these ARE captured asteroids, then there are many questions about how they could have settled into such circular orbits over the history of the solar system. Its possible that Phobos and Deimos could have been a binary pair, bound together by gravity when they were captured. Over time, they would have separated into their current orbits.   Its possible that early Mars was surrounded by many of these types of asteroids. They could have been the result of a collision between Mars and another solar system body in the early history of the planets. If this did happen, it could explain why Phoboss composition is closer to the makeup of Marss surface than that of an asteroid from space.   Large Impact Theory That brings up the idea that Mars suffered a large collision very early in its history. This is similar to the idea that Earths Moon  is the result of an impact between our infant planet and a planetesimal named Theia.  In both cases, such an impact caused a large amount of mass to be ejected into outer space. Both impacts would have sent a  hot, plasma-like material into a concentric orbit about the  infant planets. For Earth, the ring of  molten rock eventually gathered together and formed the Moon.   Despite the look of Phobos and Deimos, some astronomers have suggested that perhaps these tiny orbs formed in a similar way around Mars. Perhaps the best evidence for an asteroidal origin is the presence of a mineral called phyllosilicates on the surface of Phobos. Its common on the surface of Mars, an indication that Phobos formed from the Martian substrate. However, composition argument isnt the only indication that Phobos and Deimos may have originated from Mars itself. There is also the question of their orbits. Theyre nearly circular. They are also very near to Mars equator. Captured asteroids likely wouldnt settle into such precise orbits, but material splashed out during an impact and then accreted over time could explain the orbits of the two moons. Exploration of Phobos and Deimos During the past decades of Mars exploration, various spacecraft have looked at both moons in some detail. But, more information is needed. The best way to get it is to do an in-situ exploration.  That means send a probe to land on one or both of these moons. To do it right, planetary scientists would send a lander to grab some soil and rocks and return it to Earth for study). Alternatively, when humans start to explore Mars in person, part of a mission could be diverted to land people on the moons to do a more nuanced geological study. Either one would satisfy peoples urge to know just how those moons came to be where they are in orbit around Mars.

Popular Culture As Defined By Alexandre O. Philippe

Much of what we know comes from popular culture. It’s inescapable and it shapes our modern society. In simpler terms, popular culture could either offend or challenge social norms brought on by society on what is new, hip, and trends to be followed. Popular culture as defined by Alexandre O. Philippe, â€Å" is a universal language that manages in all of its seemingly trivial glory to make us dream and smile. To connect us across racial, political, and social divides, it is part of our fabric as human beings. It says something about us, about our better nature and isn’t it time for us to respect it, cherish it, and learn to preserve it?† Growing up in the modern age, popular culture has had a huge impact on my life. Being a part of the new technology generation, society seems to be driven by what’s new, what’s the latest trend, or what’s the latest issue. Now more than ever, popular culture seems to have taken over the new medium for how peo ple understand news and media worldwide within the numerous social platforms such as YouTube, television, Facebook, and popular magazines, as a newer and sometimes more effective way to share and understand news and ideas. To some, popular culture serves to over exemplify the ridiculousness of a culture. However, popular culture does not aim to destroy or diminish the values set up with what’s new, popular, or trending; but aims to strengthen the cultural differences valued upon each country by offering new and creative insights that may seemShow MoreRelatedPopular Culture As Defined By Alexandre O. Philippe944 Words   |  4 PagesMuch of what we know comes from popular culture. It’s inescapable and it shapes our modern society. In simpler terms, popular culture could either offend or challenge social norms brought on by society on what is new, hip, and trends to be followed. Popular culture as defined by Alexandre O. Philippe, â€Å" is a universal language that m anages in all of its seemingly trivial glory to make us dream and smile. To connect us across racial, political, and social divides, it is part of our fabric as humanRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesDIEGESIS: Not in the vocabulary of linguistics or semiotics, the term was coined by the French writer Étienne Souriau to indicate the denotative material of a film. (See Chapter 4 in this volume, pp. 97 ff.) SEME: A basic semiological concept variously defined in the writings of the French semanticists Bernard Pottier, Émile Beneveniste, and Algirdas Greimas. Greimas sees it as a property of a lexeme, where the meaning of that lexeme is a function of the lexeme s semic integrity (ensemble semique)

The Great Depression s Impact Socially, Politically, And...

Steinberg 1 Naphtali Steinberg Goss His 112-601 15 Nov. 2016 The Great Depression s Impact Socially, Globally, Politically, and Economically Economists continue to study the causes of the Great Depression because they still disagree on what specifically caused it. Many theories have been advanced over the years, but there remains no single, universally agreed-upon explanation as to what the root cause was. However, many experts agree that banking played a crucial and single-handedly one of the most important roles into what caused the Great Depression. Furthermore, Americans lost nearly 20% of their deposits when the banks failed. Since there was no FDIC yet, and most state deposit insurance schemes had shut down already, this meant that everyday folks lost their savings. The effects of the Depression were felt around the world in the social, global, political, and economic, lives of nations and individuals; some of the social and global impacts include; Between 1929 and 1933, the quantity of goods and services produced in the United States fell by one-third, the unemployment rate soared to 25 percent of the labor force, the stock market lost 80 percent of its Steinberg 2 value and some 7,000 banks failed. When the stock market crashed in 1929, overnight, tens-of-thousands of customers began to withdraw their deposits. However, the banks with no money to lend and loans having to return on them, the banking crises started to excavate rapidly, causing globalShow MoreRelatedSocial, Political, And Economical Cause Of The Mexican Revolution1695 Words   |  7 PagesRevolution There were an abundance of social, political, and economical factors that led to the Mexican Revolution. 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Great Britain, France, United States, and Russia c. Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary d. Germany, Japan, and Russia _____331) What was the â€Å"final blow† that led President Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war against theRead MoreEssay On Cyberbullying969 Words   |  4 Pagespsychological abuse, and it can lead to short and long-term difficulties. With cyberbullying on the rise, the correlation to teen suicide is at an all-time high and is an issue that must be addressed on a national level. Cyberbullying dates back to the 1990’s when the web was beginning to popularize. The web is the perfect place for a someone to be bullied because the victim would not know who it is. 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Districting of the 1st 2nd 3rd and 4th districts o Essay Example For Students

Districting of the 1st 2nd 3rd and 4th districts o Essay f kentuckyAlmost every US citizen over the age of 25 has the right to become a member of the House of Representatives. But, only two or three people usually run in an election. Why is that? In todays elections, the influence of the media and parties have caused many more factors than just the formal constrains to influence who runs for office. The recruitment funnel is a way of describing the process in which we select candidates to run for public office. This idea is one in which many different concepts are combined to form one solid idea. In this paper, I will show different facets of the funnel and the effects of each by examining a particular region of the United States. The region that I will examine consists of the first, second, third, and fourth districts of Kentucky. These regions are diverse not only between them, but inside of the boundaries of each. For example, the 4th district has some of the most Democratic counties in America, like Elliot County (65%-21% for Bill Clinton), and some of the most Republican territory in Kentucky, like Oldham County(57%-34% for Bob Dole). The districts vary in economic status as well, ranging from coal mining towns to rich suburbs. But each district has its own story and its own vastly different constituents. The Kentucky first has traditionally been a democratic district. This is due mainly to little economic growth in the region and to the low wages of its residents. In fact the region has only had 1 republican since the creation of the district in 1912. However democratic they are, the district is still very conservative, and likes conservative democrats. The area of this district runs from the west most part of the state, bordering the Mississippi and the Ohio, and covers almost a third of the state. From 1974 till 1990, Dem. Carroll Hubbard held the seat and ran unopposed for 7 of those terms. In the 74 primary, Hubbard beat out well-established Rep. Stubblefield in the primary 51-49. Hubbard then went on to hold the office reasonably unchallenged until a scandal involving the House bank. After that term, Hubbard was defeated in the primary 45-48 by an unlikely Tom Barrlow. Since the redistricting of the 90s the district has become more Republican. In the 1994 election, the republica n candidate, and current Rep., Republican Edward Whitfield won 70% of the votes in the counties added by redistricting, to pull off a 51-49 victory. The second district has very similar voting patterns to those of the first. The T-shaped section of Kentucky has also been a historically conservative democratic district. This district is a very rural area, going form Bluegrass country in the north, down to the Bowling Green local, and up to the rural outskirts of Frankfort.The boundaries of the Kentucky 2nd include people who still claim loyalties, to the north and to the south almost equally, from the Civil War. Conservative democrats appeal to this region for this reason of mixed loyalties.Former Rep. William H. Natcher held the Kentucky 2nd seat from 1952 until 1994, and was one of the Houses most hard-working and conscientious members a fact which kept him in office for so long. He has managed to stay in office for so long while spending over 10,000 dollars twice in his campaigning. Natcher was also a prominent member of the appropriations committee for most of his tenure. In March of 1994, however, William Natcher died, forcin g a special election. The Democrats thought this would be an easy victory. But, locally, the constituents had become more and more conservative. Along with that, Ron, Lewis, the Republican candidate, had begun his campaigning earlier than his Democratic candidate, Joe Prather. Both of these factors led to the Republican take over of a district that had in the hands of a Democrat for over 40 years. The city of Louisville and a few of its suburbs make up the 3rd congressional district of Kentucky. This district has a tradition of being slightly Republican at the poles. This stems from it consisting of anti-slavery residents at a time when Kentucky was a slave state. The voters do tend to slant towards the democratic side quite often, making it hard for any representative to feel safe in office. The current Rep., Anne Northrop, has been in office since 1996, but only won by 1,299 votes in 96, and 7,825 in 98. In 1970, Romano Mazzloi, a man who held the seat for over 20 years, won with a margin of only 211 votes. After that election however, he managed to increase his margin of victory quite significantly, a surprising fact considering how marginal the district was historically. The 4th congressional district of Kentucky is a geographical oddity; actually, this quote is an understatement. The area in this district is a strip of land on the Ohio River consisting of Louisville suburbs and stretching up towards Cincinnati. These suburban areas tend to vote Republican. In the middle of these rich suburban areas are counties, which still look like theyre in the 19th century. Half of the districts votes come from the three counties across the river from Cincinnati. And these have become very Republican in the 90s, but still remain possible swing areas. Ken Lucas currently holds the seat of this district in the House. He is a conservative Democrat who ran for his position on what he called a common sense conservative platform. He appeared to be an underdog at the start o f campaigning, but a series of scandals led to the demise of his competitor. .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129 , .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129 .postImageUrl , .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129 , .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129:hover , .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129:visited , .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129:active { border:0!important; } .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129:active , .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129 .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8e4bb38cd6b2c8c68a649589c3765129:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Scooter EssayBibliography:

Ethics & Sustainability-Self Reflection Report-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Analyse the Concept and Theories of Corporate Social Responsibility and how it relates to ethical Business Practices. 2.Identify and Describe the principal trends driving corporate ethics and sustainability 3.Appraise CSR from the perspectives of Stakeholder Interests at a National and International level 4.Describe and evaluate the Impact that foreign social norms and standards may have on International Business 5.Compare and Contrast the legal versus ethical Compliance of CSR from the perspectives of various stakeholders, and the impact on the legislative framework surrounding corporate existence. 6.Critically analyse and judge the relationship between ethical branding and Corporate reputation. Answers: 1.Corporate Social Responsibility and its relationship with ethical business practices Corporate social responsibility is a major agenda of almost all the organizations in the world. As the activities of the organizations bring positive outcomes, it also bring some negative outcomes too. To reduce the negative impact on the environment and community due to the production activities, the organizations design policies, known as the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). From the writing of Cheng, Ioannou and Serafeim (2014), I have learnt that, CSR is the relationship between the organization and the local committee or with the stakeholders. There are three theories of CSR, namely, the stakeholder theory, business ethics theory and shareholder value theory. The stakeholder theory says that, the stakeholders create pressure on the organizations to contribute something for their benefit. The business ethics theory emphasizes on the broad social obligation and moral values and duties that the organizations have towards the community. The social expectations towards a social problem, ethical principles and contribution towards the society are the components of this theory. Lastly, the shareholder theory says that, a business has only one motive, that is, to make profit by following legal rules and regulations (Tai and Chuang 2014). On the other hand, ethical business practices refer to those activities that are morally correct, such as, corporate governance, fiduciary responsibilities etc. CSR is also part of the ethical practices. The CSR policies include those activities that follow the business ethics. 2.Principal trends driving corporate ethics and sustainability I have found some principal trends that drive the corporate ethics and sustainability in the coming years from the report of ethical corp. I found that, embedding sustainability is one of the major priority or trend for the coming years. Sustainable innovation is another key factor. Transparency in business activities, trust between the society and the businesses, community participation, responsible production and consumption are the other major trends driving the corporate ethics and sustainability (Korschun, Bhattacharya and Swain 2014). Sustainability is one of the biggest challenges of the organizations. Since, almost all the major economic activities revolve around the production and consumption, these activities are creating immense pressure on the reserve of the resources. Thus, the organizations are becoming careful about reducing wastages, recycling and reusing the resources and encouraging the usage of non-renewable sources of energy. Along with that, contribution in the development of the community through the implementation of sustainable techniques is another trend that drives the sustainability. For corporate ethics, transparency in the business activities and disclosure of the performance are important and these also help in building the trust among the corporate houses and the stakeholders. The community participation of the organizations is also increasing leading to more contribution towards the development of the society. 3.CSR from the perspectives of stakeholder interests at a national and international level Under various theories of CSR, stakeholder approach comes under the relational theory. This approach was developed to demonstrate the strategies for improving the management of the organization. This theory also aims to manage the socially responsible behavior of the company. According to the Garriga and Meles analysis of the stakeholder approach of CSR, this approach is accredited to both the ethical and integrated theories, where the ethical approach considers the right actions for achieving a good community and the integrated approach focuses on integration of social demands. From the analysis by Mason and Simmons (2014). I found that, the stakeholder management is the management of the stakeholders interest. It is directed towards the people who affect or get affected by the organizational or corporate policies, strategies and practices. In the national or international level, the approach is almost similar. The stakeholders perceive that the companies must increase its sensitive ness towards the environment but at the same time, must also think about the stakeholders interests. In the national as well as international level, the interests of the stakeholders focus on the benefit of the environment and the society, along with profit of the companies. Hence, the CSR polices that are directed towards the benefit of the environment, community and the stakeholders, through the maximum cooperation between the corporation and the stakeholders, are widely appraised by the stakeholders. 4.Impact of foreign social norms and standards on international business Hadjimanolis (2017) says that, international businesses are heavily influenced by foreign social norms and standards. The culture, that is, etiquette, communication and organizational structural hierarchy, falls under the category of social norms. For example, workplace etiquettes include different approaches of behavior in the workplace. The formality of addressing the people from different countries and cultures are very important part of the etiquette. In some cultures, addressing by the first name is accepted while in others, addressing by the title and the surname is important. Apart from that, punctuality, attitude, body language and gestures have a significant impact on the international businesses. Similarly, the communication and language are very essential factors that affect the international business. Verbal as well as non-verbal communications, both can influence the business heavily. For example, any business deal between an English speaking and a non speaking country t akes extra effort on part of the organizations. Cross cultural communication is a challenge and approaching the cultural differences with openness, curiosity and sensitivity is required while dealing with foreign businesses. Lastly, the structure of organizational hierarchy and attitude varies across the countries. In the international business, the organizations must be careful about the hierarchy as it influences the businesses. It is found that, when the roles are being defined in the multinational organizations, the diverse attitude and organizational hierarchy create challenges. Hence, it is evident that foreign social norms and standards influence the international business. 5.Legal versus ethical compliance of CSR from the perspectives of various stakeholders, and the impact on the legislative framework surrounding corporate existence The legal and ethical compliances of CSR are quite different. Legal compliance refers to the obligations to the law, which may not always lead to ethical results. On the other hand, ethical compliance refers to the following of the moral values of principals while doing the business. This may not always lead to following of the legal rules and regulations. However, to fulfill their objectives of profit, the stakeholders might not always prefer a solution that is legally complaint (Crane, Matten and Spence 2013). If a CSR policy is not legally compliant, then it faces of risk of government action in the future. However, CSR policies are bound to be ethical, as the foundation of those policies are ethical practices. A policy, which focuses on the development of a community, is framed on ethical values of doing good for the society. At the same time, the actions for social welfare must be legally complaint to avoid the termination of work by the government in the future. Legislative framework surrounding the corporate existence refers to the corporate law of an organization. The legal compliance of CSR is a part of the legislative framework or corporate law of an organization. Since, the CSR policies have become essential for almost all the companies, hence, the companies have to make the legislative framework by accommodating the CSR policies. It must also include the factors for ethical compliance, as CSR policies are mainly focused on to bring sustainability to the environment and develop the society. 6.Relationship between ethical branding and corporate reputation Ethical branding is a very common term in marketing. Branding represents the addition of value to a product or service. Ethics is the moral principals or values that guides in choosing between right and wrong. Ethical branding refers to the concept, where branding of a commodity or service is labeled with the morality of choosing the right course of action over the wrong. This type of branding happens when a company wants to build its reputation or image based on the ethical practices. According to He and Lai (2014), ethical branding enhances the reputation of an organization, which in turn reinforces the brand. Corporate reputation is based on the collective judgment of the observers about a corporation or organizations assessment of social, financial and environmental impacts over time (Park, Lee and Kim 2014). Hence, the actions of an organization are major determinants of the corporate reputation. Therefore, if a company is engaged into ethical activities and ethical branding, it is definitely helpful for the company to build a corporate reputation. References Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.1-23. Crane, A., Matten, D. and Spence, L.J., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in a global context. Hadjimanolis, A., 2017. A BARRIERS APPROACH TO CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) ADOPTION IN SMES.Contemporary Perspectives in Corporate Social Performance and Policy: The Middle Eastern Perspective, p.95. He, Y. and Lai, K.K., 2014. The effect of corporate social responsibility on brand loyalty: the mediating role of brand image.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,25(3-4), pp.249-263. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), pp.20-37. Mason, C. and Simmons, J., 2014. Embedding corporate social responsibility in corporate governance: A stakeholder systems approach.Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), pp.77-86. Park, J., Lee, H. and Kim, C., 2014. Corporate social responsibilities, consumer trust and corporate reputation: South Korean consumers' perspectives.Journal of Business Research,67(3), pp.295-302. Tai, F.M. and Chuang, S.H., 2014. Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), p.117.

Green Mountain Coffee Roasters free essay sample

Roasters reveals the following : 1. 1 Strengths i. Product Consistency By utilizing state-of-the-art roasting software, GMCR is therefore able to maintain their level of product consistency, ii. Unique Products Its key success is in differentiating its coffees. The coffee beans have been carefully selected and then roasting them in small batches to ensure consistency and to maximize their taste and flavor differences. This one of the reason why are the Green Mountain coffees is different from those of other specialty coffee companies. On the other hand, Keurig also gives Green Mountain access to the office and one-cup segment. iii. High Distribution GMCR flushes nitrogen into its packaged coffee and employ one-way value bag packaging technology that provides a minimum shelf life of six months for the company coffee as customer is able to retain the freshness of the coffee in the package. This in turn, allows GMCR to expand it’s distribution, without any worries about compromised quality. We will write a custom essay sample on Green Mountain Coffee Roasters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page v. Socially Responsible Business Practices GMCR is a supporter of social and environmental causes, and being listed in the â€Å"100 Best Corporate Citizens† and â€Å"The World’s Most Socially Responsible Companies† lists. This acts as a bonus to the company’s outlook and reputation. v. Widely Available GMCR’s products are widely available in the market. By targeting various distribution channels and customer categories, GMCR is confident that consumer trial at one point of the distribution level will lead to a subsequent purchase at another. vi. Flagships Flagship customers such as Amtrack, Exxon-Mobile, JetBlue Airways and American Skiing Company are key to the company’s geographic expansion strategy as they provide visibility and sampling opportunities 1. 2 Weaknesses i. Single Product Line GMCR deals with specialty coffee solely, putting it at a serious disadvantage in bargaining with supermarket chains for favorable shelf space. ii. Own Distribution and Sales Force GMCR relied on its own distribution and sales forces to expand the Green Mountain brand in the grocery channel. 1. 3 Opportunities i. Increased consumption Increased coffee consumption in Europe, Asia and Brazil has just expanded GMCR’s distribution opportunities. By targeting and influencing more of the above mentioned countries’ coffee drinkers, GMCR can hope to influence most of the consumers before its rivals do so. ii. Specialty Coffee Market Gourmet, specialty coffee is the bread-and-butter of GMCR’s establishment. A growing increase in consumers seeking specialty coffee will mean brighter prospects for GMCR. iii. Keurig Acquisition Green Mountain acquired 42 percent ownership in Keurig Inc. The appeal of the Keurig K-cup perfectly brewing just one cup of coffee from a variety of coffee selections has contributed to GMCR success in the office coffee services. 1. 4 Threats i. Decrease in coffee consumption The U. S coffee market now only accounts for 20% of world coffee consumption, compared to the 80% during World War II. The coffee market is now moving on to Europe, Asia (particularly Japan). ii. Commercial coffee roasters There is higher competition as major companies seek to enter the specialty coffee industry. Such names include but are not limited to : Phillip Morris’ Gevalia, Procter Gamble’s Millstone and Nescafe. The major coffee marketers make a big push to make their premium coffee brands dominant in the wholesale channel. iii. Starbucks Partnerships Starbucks, seen as a long time competitor to GMCR, upon entering into a long-term licensing with Kraft, will expect to generate extra sales 20-40 pounds of coffee per store per week. This is seen as a threat to GMCR, which has an average sales of 100 pounds of coffee per store per week. Starbucks, which has distribution agreement with Kraft foods Inc. plans to place their coffee in supermarkets along with Kraft Maxwell House brands. Kraft manages all distribution, marketing, advertising and promotion for Starbuck coffee in grocery, warehouse club and mass merchandise store. It featured distinctive, elegant packaging, prominent positions in grocery aisles and the same premium quality as that sold in its stores. Starbucks is also partnering with Dreyer’s for branded ice cream, and Pepsi to distribute bottled Frappuccino. Starbucks become the coffee supplier to 20 million passengers who fly United Airlines each year and mail-order sales division accounted for roughly 2 percent of total revenue. iv. Seattle Coffee Company Acquisition Starbucks acquisition of Seattle Coffee Company in the forth quarter of fiscal 2003 and increased warehouse club revenue due to growth in existing account. The increase was primarily attributable to the growth of the food service business as a results of the acquisition of Seattle Coffee Company and the growth in new and existing Starbucks food service accounts. To conclude Green Mountain’s SWOT analysis, its resource strengths are limited, and the company is a so much smaller compared to the rest of the major coffee marketers, like Starbucks. However, it is carving out a market niche for itself and has done a commendable job of securing wholesale accounts. 2. QUESTION TWO In your analysis of the organization’s strengths, be sure to identify the firm’s Core Competencies using the Value Chain. M. Porter’s value chain is as follows : Source : UK Education, Accounting For Strategic Management According to M. Porter’s value chain, we have analyzed and indentified the firm’s core competencies as follows : 2. 1 Technology Development Nitrogen-based one-way valve packaging allows GMCR to increase the shelf life of it’s coffee, thus leading to a higher Convection air roasters combined with specific roasting programmes for each bean type allows GMCR to create â€Å"signature† coffees, distinguishing itself from other coffee companies. 2. 2 Inbound Logistics GMCR obtain their coffee beans from Mexico, Guatemala, Peru, Indonesia and other coffee-growing countries. This allows for a wide variety of coffees to be made. By obtaining its resources for multiple locations, GMCR is at lower risk of being affected by shortages. 2. 3 Marketing and Sales GMCR has over 100 varieties of finished coffee products, which caters to consumer taste and preference, in the specialty coffee sector, the market niche which it has identified. Partnership with Wild Oats and Costco allows for greater penetration into the wholesale and supermarket channels. The Keurig K-cup ownership by GMCR has tremendously increased business prospects for GMCR. With the precedence of online shopping, similarly, coffee is set to follow, as more and more consumers are starting to brew their own coffee from the comfort of their own home or office. 2. 4 Services According to Wikipedia (16 JUL 2007), GMCR has also launched delivery services to cater to consumers. Cafe EXPRESS is Green Mountain’s automatic delivery coffee club that rewards their end consumers with discounts, free gifts, and special perks and privileges that only Cafe EXPRESS membership brings. Besides coffee beans, Green Mountain also sells brewer and accessories to the end consumers out there. Therefore consumers are able to get all the necessary equipment within one stop. 3. QUESTION THREE Identify and evaluate the strategies that the organization has pursued to maintain its growth and leadership position. GMCR has adopted a differentiation strategy, therefore creating prestige and brand image. Ever since GMCR entered the specialty coffee market back in 1981, it has created over 100 varities of finished coffee products, and with the use of technology to enhance consistency and quality, edged over its competitors. Green Mountain’s strategy has several key elements: A key component of management’s growth strategy was to make Green Mountain coffees readily convenient and available for consumer trial by the cup at convenience stores, office coffee services, and food service establishments, thereby spurring sales of green Mountain coffees in supermarkets and specialty food stores. Green Mountain has a wide selection of high-quality coffees. There are about 90 varieties. Green Mountain’s coffee products included single origin, estate, certified organic, Fair Trade, flavored, and proprietary blends of coffee sold under the Green Mountain Coffee Roasters and Newman’s Own Organics brands. Green Mountain also emphasis on 2 distribution channels which are; i. Catalog sales To promote catalog sales, Green Mountain focused solicitations on catalog customers who bought regularly, especially members of the company’s â€Å"Coffee Club† who had customized standing orders for automatic re-shipment. Recently, the company had begun pursuing ways to increase traffic on its website both to build brand awareness nationwide and boost direct sales to consumers where the company had a limited presence in supermarkets and specialty food stores. ii. Wholesale accounts Supermarkets, specialty food stores, convenience stores, hotels, restaurants, universities, travel and office coffee service customers, and food service companies. Major wholesale customers included the American Skiing Company alpine resorts, Amtrak, ARAMARK, ExxonMobil Convenience stores (almost 2,000 locations), Fred Meyer Stores, Hannaford Bros. Supermarkets, Kash N’ Karry Food Stores, Kings Super Markets, Nestle Waters of North America, Price Chopper, Shaws Supermarkets, Sodexho and Wild Oats—see Exhibit 6. Acquiring additional â€Å"flagship† customers was viewed as key to the company’s geographic expansion strategy because they provided great visibility and sampling opportunities On the other hand, Green Mountain is also providing high levels of sales and equipment service support to its supermarket accounts which helps them to win over supermarket chains to stocking and supporting the Green Mountain brand in their stores. Every Green Mountain’s coffee bean has been carefully selected and then roasting them in small batches to ensure consistency and to maximize their taste and flavor differences. This is why the Green Mountain coffees is different from those of other specialty coffee companies. The company’s strict quality control and distinctive aroma has resulted in the strong customer loyalty to the brand. The Green Mountain coffee was sold in a variety of packages including whole bean, fractional packages, and one-cup Keurig  ® portions. The packaging equipment for Keurig K-Cup portion packs was also owned by Green Mountain Coffee and Green Mountain paid a royalty to Keurig for each K-Cup sold. Green Mountain’s strategy will be classified as focused differentiation (where the focus has been on the New England and mid-Atlantic regions as well as on specialty coffees). However, the company is transitioning to a broad differentiation strategy in the sense that it is expanding geographically. 4. QUESTION FOUR What factors should the organization consider in the development of its future strategy? 4. 1 Publicity Since GMCR has established it’s distribution lines, which it claims that â€Å"at one point of a distribution line, a customer will make a subsequent purchase†, it is the right time for GMCR to go on a publicity campaign. This will raise awareness amongst the coffee drinkers who have been loyal to GMCR’s competitors. With GMCR having such a wide distribution channel, consumers are bound to encounter the distribution lines at some point or another. Therefore we suggest that GMCR consider increasing its advertising budget, exploring all methods to increase public awareness of its coffee. Green Mountain should continue with its present strategy. The company must continue its strong efforts to obtain new wholesale accounts; preferably large regional or even national accounts. Sales growth at Green Mountain is largely dependent on gaining additional retail exposure for the company’s coffees; both in states where it is already fairly strong (New England and the mid-Atlantic) and in states where its market penetration is low. . 2 Franchising and location By reducing the number of outlets which are company-operated, GMCR will save a lot of costs and instead look forward to thriving on franchising revenues. As cities are continuously developing, buildings after buildings are being replaced, a good location may not last forever. Therefore it is wise for GMCR to leave the strategic positioning decisions to the franchise owners, wh o may have lived there for a longer period of time or are locals who have more experience and knowledge. Currently Green Mountain target audience has always been in the United States and it is only available to the niche market. As a result, other coffee drinkers in the United States might not know about Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, Other coffee drinker will not be purchasing any coffee from GMCR. The company should look into expanding the target audience in the United States and the other part of the world. In order to reach out to the other coffee drinkers, GMCR should consider in re-opened the company-owned and operated retail stores. GMCR made a strategic decision previously to close down the company-owned and operated retail stores. By closing the company-owned and operated retails stores, it will reduced the presence of the company in the market and other coffee drinkers might not know of the GMCR. 4. 3 Marketing Green Mountain should focus its marketing efforts on securing new accounts where it will not encounter the competitive wrath of Kraft (Maxwell House), PG (Folger’s), or Nestle; all of which have more financial and marketing muscle than Green Mountain. The Management of Green Mountain must get performance of the newly-acquired Keurig subsidiary on track; there is not enough information in the case to offer specific recommendations about Keurig. Green Mountain management seems confident that the problems are temporary and that the acquisition will work out. GMCR offer samplers to new consumer however they would need to complete an online form and to qualify for the free trial and you would need to have at least 12 employees in the office. It is time consuming from the customer point of view and prevent them from completely filling up the information. GMCR are concentrating most of their sales online. Although there are supermarkets or convenience stores that are selling their products, customer like to know where to purchase them however the website does not provide them the information. 4. 4. Product Line Expansion Issues Based on the website http://www. greenmountaincoffee. com, GCMR sells other products beside coffee powders. They have brewers and other coffee-related accessories that are being sold online however customer would like to have the physical touch and feel of the product that is being sold. There are products which cost hundreds of dollars which customer would not purchase the coffee machines online unless they are a regular coffee drinkers of GMCR. By taking their expanded product lines offline and to supermarkets, they will therefore be able to ensure the survival of their accessories. 5. QUESTION FIVE Discuss the importance of changes in the external environment to the organization. We have analyzed the following six environmental factors and its effect on GMCR: Political, Economical, Sociocultural , Technology, Demographics and Global factors. . 1 Political A political campaign to push for greater presence of socially-responsible companies would have an impact on the coffee industry. Socially-responsible business practices come into the limelight now, as consumers are not only concerned about product quality, but the processes which the business goes through to obtain their end-products. Therefore, businesses would have to increase their contributions to charitable/ non-profit organizations to enhance their reputation as a â€Å"company which gives back to the society†. 5. 2 Economical During an economic downturn, GMCR’s sales would decline. People would cut back on unnecessary spending, and specialty coffee is on the list of those items, which people can easily replace by buying coffee powder from home-grown brands, which tend to be cheaper. On the other hand, when the economy booms, people have less qualms about spending more on luxury items like GMCR’s coffee. 5. 3 Sociocultural As society becomes more and more fast-paced everyday, people would eventually have lesser time on their hands during office hours. With more deadlines approaching, people spend more time in the office, sometimes even having their lunch in the office. Activities such as having an hour-long lunch break would eventually become a luxury for working adults. As such, they would hesitate to even spend their time queuing up for coffee. GMCR’s stores would suffer a decrease in revenue because of a dip in customers during working hours, however, their Keurig K-Cup and coffee bean sales would increase, as more people would prefer brewing their own cup of coffee within the comfort of their own office. The workforce continues to get larger and larger everyday. More and more people are entering the workforce, and coffee consumption would increase since coffee consumption in the office is considered a norm, and more people would therefore be consuming coffee. Health concerns over caffeine would constantly harass the coffee industry. As more health reports are released everyday regarding the side effects of caffeine, companies should strive to provide more varieties of de-caffeinated coffee, so as to cater to the group of consumers which are more health conscious. . 4 Technology Better technologies are developed everyday. The construction of highways and roads allows for less transportation time for goods, so that they can be delivered earlier. This in turn reduces transport costs, as more transport alternatives become available. Focusing on the coffee industry, technology is crucial to the production of coffee beans. The preservation of coffee beans, as demonstrated by GMCR’s nitrogen valve bag packing technology, allows for coffee beans to have an increased shelf life. This is extremely crucial as it allows a business to expand its distribution. Moreover, a longer shelf life would appeal to the consumer as they are able to buy in bulk for future use, and not have to return to the supermarket on a frequent basis. Improvement in technology allows for faster processing times and better quality control. Therefore this would have a serious impact on the coffee industry, not only to gain the edge over their competitors, but also to increase customer confidence that the product they are buying is indeed value-for-money. . 5 Demographics An aging population would mean more adults (18 and above), therefore naturally contributing to an increase in coffee consumption. The National Coffee Drinking Trends survey of adults 18 years and above concluded that 79% of adults consume coffee in 2000, 78% in 1999, and 75% in 1997, which is a total increase of 4%. 5. 6 Global i. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Coffee bean prices seem to be driven by supply and demand for i nstance, a bad crop can drive prices up and a good growing season with high yields can drive prices down. Or even adverse weather and growing conditions could produce sharp upward spikes in prices of coffee beans, especially premium and relatively scarce varieties. In recent years, green coffee prices had been under considerable downward pressures due to oversupply. The low coffee price ranges generally experienced in recent years were not considered high enough to support proper farming and processing practices for top grade coffees, potentially endangering supplies of premium grade beans. But getting high quality beans was definitely a factor for the sellers of premium coffees. To protect their access to supplies of top grade beans, many specialty coffee companies, including Green Mountain, had entered into long-term contracts to purchase needed supplies from the growers of high quality beans. In addition, companies from time to time purchased coffee futures contracts and coffee options to provide additional protection when they were unable to enter into coffee purchase commitments or when the price of a significant portion of their committed contracts were not fixed. ii. Bargaining Power of Customers Most whole bean specialty coffees for home consumption were purchased in supermarkets or neighborhood grocery stores. Supermarket retailers are in a very strong position to drive a hard bargain in granting shelf space to the many premium coffee brands wanting retail exposure—many of these brands are relatively unknown and the companies marketing them are small (like Green Mountain). Supermarket chains have considerable leeway to switch out low-selling brands and replace them with more popular brands. Individual consumers have no bargaining power beyond that of switching brands henever they are dissatisfied with the brand they are currently using. 5. 7 Conclusion The biggest source of competitive pressure is rivalry among competing brands like Starbucks Coffee while the other two big sources of competitive pressure are the bargaining power of retail chains and the continuing entry of additional brands. The industry is probably ripe for consolidation—500 specialty and pre mium brands probably cannot survive (unless most remain niche brands for a limited clientele). Strong regional brands with an attractive product and a good brand image—like Green Mountain—may well be able to grow at the expense of weaker brands. . REFERENCES 1. UK Education : Accounting for Strategic Management, [Online] Available at : http://www. ukeducation. org. uk/Documentation. asp? key=1340 2. University of Cyprus : Green Mountain Handout, [Online] Available at: http://www. pba. ucy. ac. cy/staff/Green%20Mountain-Handout. pdf 3. Wikipedia : Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, [Online] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_Mountain_Coffee_Roasters 4. Green Mountain Coffee : Green Mountain Coffee, [Online] Available at: http://www. greenmountaincoffee. com INDIVIDUAL REPORTS – WONG JUN WEI Question 1 : Undertake a SWOT analysis of the organization in the case. The SWOT analysis on Green Mountain Coffee Roasters (GMCR) are as follows : Strengths i. Product Consistency By utilizing state-of-the-art roasting software, GMCR is therefore able to maintain their level of product consistency, ii. Unique Products GMCR uses specific roasting programmes for various types of coffee, thus creating their â€Å"signature† roasts. By offering products which are unique in the market, this allows GMCR to stand out from their competitors. iii. High Distribution Packaging technology allows GMCR’s coffee to have a long shelf life. This in turn, allows GMCR to expand it’s distribution. iv. Socially Responsible Business Practices GMCR is a supporter of social and environmental causes, and being listed in the â€Å"100 Best Corporate Citizens† and â€Å"The World’s Most Socially Responsible Companies† lists. This acts as a bonus to the company’s outlook and reputation. v. Widely Available GMCR’s products are widely available in the market. By targeting various distribution channels and customer categories, GMCR is confident that consumer trial at one point of the distribution level will lead to a subsequent purchase at another. Weaknesses i. Brand Awareness Consumers are less aware of GMCR, as compared to Starbucks, which has a higher advertising budget to create consumer awareness. Opportunities i. Increased consumption Increased coffee consumption in Europe, Asia and Brazil has just expanded GMCR’s distribution opportunities. By targeting and influencing more of the above mentioned countries’ coffee drinkers, GMCR can hope to influence most of the consumers before its rivals do so. ii. Specialty Coffee Market Gourmet, specialty coffee is the bread-and-butter of GMCR’s establishment. An increase in consumers seeking specialty coffee will mean brighter prospects for GMCR. Threats i. Decrease in coffee consumption The U. S coffee market now only accounts for 20% of world coffee consumption, compared to the 80% during World War II. The coffee market is now moving on to Europe, Asia (particularly Japan). ii. Commercial coffee roasters There is higher competition as major companies seek to enter the specialty coffee industry. Such names include but are not limited to : Phillip Morris’ Gevalia, Procter Gamble’s Millstone and Nescafe. iii. Starbucks Partnerships Starbucks, seen as a long time competitor to GMCR, upon entering into a long-term licensing with Kraft, will expect to generate extra sales 20-40 pounds of coffee per store per week. This is seen as a threat to GMCR, which has an average sales of 100 pounds of coffee per store per week. Starbucks is also partnering with Dreyer’s for branded ice cream, and Pepsi to distribute bottled Frappuccino. Question 2 : In your analysis of the organization’s strengths, be sure to identify the firm’s Core Competencies using the Value Chain. They have brewers and other coffee-related accessories that are being sold online however customer would like to have the physical touch and feel of the product that is being sold. There are products which cost hundreds of dollars which customer would not purchase the coffee machines online unless they are a regular coffee drinkers of GMCR. †¢GMCR are concentrating most of their sales online. Although there are supermarkets or convenience stores that are selling their products, customer like to know where to purchase them however the website does not provide them the information. GMCR offer samplers to new consumer however they would need to complete an online form and to qualify for the free trial and you would need to have at least 12 employees in the office. It is time consuming from the customer point of view and prevent them from completely filling up the information. Question 5 Discuss the importance of changes in the external environment to the organization †¢Custome r taste and preference will change and Green Mountain Coffee Roasters would need come up with new flavours of coffee to retain existing customer.