A comparison and contrast of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Ending by Gavin Ewart Essays

A comparison and contrast of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Ending by Gavin Ewart Essays A comparison and contrast of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Ending by Gavin Ewart Paper A comparison and contrast of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Ending by Gavin Ewart Paper Essay Topic: Andrew Marvell Poems Literature To His Coy Mistress was written by a poet called Andrew Marvell who was born on the 31st March 1621. He was a Cambridge-educated priest, poet and a Member of Parliament. The poem was written in the year 1652. The theme of the poem is love and its passionate beginnings. The genre of the poem is carpe diem which is Latin for seize the day or get the most out of life. Carpe diem was used effectively by Horace; therefore this poem is quasi-Horatian. The theme is basically love and physical seduction which occurs at the beginning of a relationship. The poem shows how men seduced women typically in the seventeenth century. The title of the poem suggests that the woman is generally shy, a little withdrawn and maybe secretly wanting to get involved with the man. The form of the poem is lyric. There are three sections to the poem, marked by indents at the verses. The poems context is time-period. The form is quite suitable to the theme because it shows in three sections how the man seduces the woman. In the first section, he is flattering and complimenting her. The second section is dark, pressuring and the mood gets much more sombre at the mention of death behind them. The third section is more upbeat and rushed because hes saying to her now Ive explained everything to you. Marvell has presented the theme by unfolding it gradually during the poem. In the first few sentences its clear that the theme is love because he is talking about if they had enough time what they would do. He flatters her by saying two hundred years to adore each breast and lady you deserve this state. He applies his rhetorical language skills on her. In the second section, the theme of love is overpowered by the threatening of time, death and darkness. Marvell uses this in the second section to show us how men applied pressure on women in those times. The man tried flattering her at the beginning, but that didnt work, so he changed his technique to try and pressurise her. He wants her to understand that shes not going to live forever, so she should take her chance. Thy beauty shall no more be found. Nor in thy marble vault shall sound my echoing song. Hes telling her that her beauty is going to disappear if they dont beat time. He also describes a vault which is where they kept dead bodies in those days. Hes saying to her you wont hear my poetry or my words; you will be lying there with all the dead bodies, decomposing and rotting away. The theme of the third section is unfolded with the physical aspect of love, Let us roll all our strength and all our sweetness up into one ball. He basically tells her that they should put everything together into one in a physical sense. The last section is rounding off everything and the man is telling the woman that its her decision now. The poem is low-pitched in tone and the language Marvell uses is old-fashioned, mainly because the poem was written in the seventeenth century. The language is rhetorical and reflected on time as he talks about historical dates in the first section. For example, he mentions the conversion of the Jews and the flood associated with Noah. In the first section, the tone is gentle, flattering and persuasive. However, in the second section, theres a dark tone therefore the poem may be whispered, hushed, intimate and deliberately chilling. The mood of the male speaker is changeable. In the first section, he is quite relaxed and gentle. In the second section, his mood changes suddenly to dark, sombre and rushed. This is because hes trying to pressurise her into having sex with him. To do this, he depresses her by telling her that death is going to catch up with her and they need to beat time. After the dark section about death, his mood changes in the third section to a happy and joyous one because hes trying to excite her and persuade her to fulfil their lives. He says now let us sport us wile we may. By saying that, hes telling her that they should get on with it. The atmosphere is quite tense at times, but overall its peaceful. What he says to her in the beginning is both romantic and influential, for example, we would sit down and think which way to walk and pass or long loves day. Andrew Marvell uses a series of kinetic images to show the mans love and connect it with time. Firstly, he talks to her about the river Ganges in India, then the Humber, and then he talks about the flood which happened at around 3,000BC. He tells her that he would love her ten years before that if they had all the time in the world. By doing this, he is using exotic imagery because the river Ganges is considered to be a holy and sacred river in India. The he uses contrast as he compares it to the river Humber, I by the tide of Humber would complain. This image is miserable as he says complain which means weeping or crying. Also, the river Humber is significant to Marvell because his father drowned there in the year 1640. Marvell also uses static imagery when he describes desarts of vast eternity as in eternal deserts which go on forever. Its a depressing and miserable thought which Marvell cleverly connects to the carpe diem theme. There is more dark imagery when the male speaker says, nor in thy marble vault, shall sound me echoing song: then worms shall try that long preservd virginity. Hes saying that she has two options either she lets him have her virginity, or she can die with it and let the worms have it. It is both erotic and grotesque in a way. Its hardly flattering imagery, but it was a very common technique in those days for men to seduce women in that way. The movement of this poem is regular and nearly every line has eight syllables. It is irregular because I cannot see any metrical structure or patterns in the line-construction. Marvell emphasises the last line by trying to rush it. He does this by using all the words with monosyllables, stand still, yet we will make him run. This poem has a slow pace which reflects the mood. Its suitable because the speaker is talking about love, time and death which are slow topics and drag on. However, there is occasional acceleration in the second section where the speaker is rushing everything. Marvell uses formal, complex and archaic language in this poem, for example, shouldst, thou, thus, languish, strife, and alwaies. There is also esoteric language which is metaphysical too. An example of this is my vegetable love. It produces a strange image by harnessing strange and unrelated words together. I think Marvell described love with vegetable because a vegetable grows slowly and it gives the impression of love growing slowly over time. Marvell uses personification as he vivifies Death and Time. He says but at my back I alwaies hear times wingi d chariot hurrying near. Time is personified here as passing very quickly. The word chariot is associated with armies and destruction and the image gives is us the impression that death is approaching from behind them. Rather at once our Time devour is another sentence in which Marvell incorporates the idea of tine wasting them away. In a way, the male speaker is telling the woman that they heave to use up their time rather than let it use them. Another phrase that caught my attention is then worms shall try that long preservd virginity. The male speaker tries to seduce the woman by using this repulsive and erotic idea. Hes saying dont take your virginity with you when you die, give it to me. Marvell uses a metaphor in the last section of the poem when he says, thorough the iron gates of life. Iron gates have the strength to keep and confine people, so the male speaker is saying that they should make love and push the gates wide open. In conclusion, this is a passionate poem showing how men seduced women by using the idea of death and time. I particularly like the way Marvell personifies time as a chariot approaching from behind and in my opinion this is a well-written and detailed poem. Ending is a poem written by Gavin Ewart. He is poet who was born in London in the year 1916 and died in 1995. Ewart came from a Scottish background and he wrote the poem in the 1970s. Ewart was Cambridge-educated and he became a poet before the Second World War. The poem is different to other love poems because the theme of it is the ending of a relationship, not the beginning. The title is only the word Ending, without the word The in front. By doing this, Ewart gives the poem a sense of finality. The poem has fourteen lines; however, it is not a sonnet. There are eight or nine syllables per line. The poem is written in seven rhyming couplets. There is no particular setting for the poem, but there is only a male speaker talking through the past of relationship. Ewart has chosen to construct the poem in rhyming couplets, for instance, the kisses that were as hot as curry are bird-pecks taken in a hurry. The poem is made to unfold gradually before the reader. Ewart does this by developing the same idea for each couplet. The first line in each couplet talks about how the relationship was when it first started. The second line in each couplet compares the first to how the situation is now (the relationship about to end). For example, the feet that ran to meet a date is the first of the couplet, and the second is are running slow and running late. The poet gives the poem a sense of finality again by using a low-pitched tone. The volume is also low when somebody reads out the poem. Its quiet and reflective. The mood of the speaker is sombre and serious. Hes not happy, but he isnt suicidal. Hes just sorry that the relationship is over. The atmosphere is created by an industrial dispute from the 1970s. For example, the hands that held electric charges is related back to the 1970s industrial action where there was a union/government crisis. There were a lot of power cuts and the workers went on strike because of this. Running slow and running late also relates back because at that time there was action taken on trains as a result of them always being late. Another effective example here is the eyes that shone and seldom shut are victims of a power cut. This describes how workers took revenge on the government by shutting down their power plants. All of this shows how love I a product of what happens in society. Transmitted joy is also another word linked to electricity. The imagery used in the poem by Gavin Ewart is mostly kinetic. This is because each line of the poem produces a different mental image. For example, the hands that held electric charges now lie inert as four moored barges. This gives us a series of images of how the couples hands were held together but now they lie motionless. In this poem, you can predict how the rhythm will take place. This is called regular rhythm. This is created by metrical structure which is an ancient Greek system of line construction. Ewart achieves this by using approximately eight or nine syllables per line and patterns of emphases. This pattern is called iambics which has a Latin origin. Iambs are a metrical foot of an unstressed syllable followed by a short or stressed syllable. The first couplet in the poem has ten iambs per line. The second and third have nine iambs. The fourth, fifth and sixth couplets have eight iambs per line. The last couplet has eight iambs in the first line and nine in the last. The pace in this poem is not too fast and not too slow, so I would say that it is moderate. This is reflective upon the sombre mood which the speaker is in. the language that Ewart uses is simple and straightforward, its easy to understand. I think that Ewart uses modern language in the poem because he wanted it to reflect upon the time he was living in, which is the 1970s. The language used is based on students lives because Ewart talks about curry and kisses and dates which immediately makes us think of university students. A phrase that appears in this poem which is a powerful one is the hands that held electric charges now lie inert as four moored barges. Electric charges are again associated with power cuts, but they also give us an idea of the passion of a relationship when it first begins. Ewart uses assonance in the phrase because four and moored have the same vowel sound, they are an internal rhyme. Describing their hands as inert barges shows is that they are worn out and lay still theres no sexual contact anymore. Ewart uses developed imagery throughout the poem which is classed as metaphysical. Gavin Ewart also uses the word coy in the poem, just like in Marvells poem. However, in this poem, the woman is described as coy because she is disinterested. Ewart personifies romance in he last two lines when he says, romance, expected once to stay, has left a note saying GONE AWAY. Leaving a note to a partner is the modern and conventional way of ending a relationship. People do this because they cannot face telling their partners their true feelings. Ewart emphasises this by using capital letters. In conclusion, this is a modern poem with only a male speaker who reflects upon the beginning of a relationship and compares it with how it ends. Its a short but descriptive poem. I am now going to compare the similarities between the poems. The first thing these poems have in common is the fact that they are both about love and its physicality. The poets, Gavin Ewart and Andrew Marvell were both educated at Cambridge. Both poems contain metaphysical language. In To His Coy Mistress the phrase used is vegetable love. In Ending its the developed imagery that Ewart uses. The two poems refer incidentally to India. To His Coy Mistress describes that sacred Indian River Ganges and Ending contains the native Indian food p curry. Both poems include images of human contact. Marvell says lets roll all our strength and all our sweetness up into one ball, referring to their bodies. Ewart writes the kisses that were hot as curry are bird-pecks taken in a hurry. Looking at the language used in the poems, I have noticed that the word coy appears in both of them. However, they do mean different things. In To His Coy Mistress Marvell uses coy to describe how shy the lady is and how she doesnt want to show her feelings in Ending Ewart describes the woman as cold and coy because shes no longer interested in the man. Personification is used in both poems Marvell personifies time as a chariot and Ewart personifies romance when he says that it has gone away. Metaphors are also used with the gates in To His Coy Mistress and the barges in Ending. The two poems contain assonance which is two rhyming sounds in the same line. Rather at once our time devour, here Marvell rhymes our with devour. In Ending, then phrase is now lie inert as four moored barges. The words included here are four and moored because they have the same vowel sound. The two poems also contain roughly eight syllables in each line. I am now going to look at the contrasts between the two poems. The first obvious point of contrast is that To His Coy Mistress is a poem about the beginning of love whereas Ending is about the end of a relationship. The speaker in To His Coy Mistress is interested in the woman and is trying to seduce her whereas the speaker in Ending is disinterested in the woman as he reflects upon the relationship which has ended. To His Coy Mistress is old-fashioned because it was written in the seventeenth century. Ending is quite a modern poem because it was written towards the end of the twentieth century. The language used in To His Coy Mistress is esoteric and complex language whereas in Ending, the language is simple and contemporary. To His Coy Mistress is persuasive but Ending is reflective. To His Coy Mistress is also formal and rhetorical whereas Ending is informal. The structures of the two poems differ because Ending has only one section which is fourteen lines long. To His Coy Mistress on the other hand has forty-six lines which are separated into three sections. There is a woman mentioned in both poems but the difference is that she is present in To His Coy Mistress but absent in Ending. In To His Coy Mistress the tones vary with each section, for example, in the first section it is low-pitched but it suddenly changes to an even lower pitch in the second section. The tone in Ending is constant throughout. The mood of the male speaker varies in To His Coy Mistress as he talks about death and time whereas the mood of the male speaker in Ending remains the same. Another difference between the two poems is the rhythm and metre. In To His Coy Mistress the rhythm is irregular, however, in Ending it is regular. In conclusion, I like both poems, but I prefer To His Coy Mistress because it is a very descriptive and persuasive poem. I am fascinated by the way Marvell uses the idea of death to persuade a woman into a relationship. The way that he personifies time is effective as well. I prefer To His Coy Mistress mainly because of the complex language used by the poet.

Cyrano De Bergiac Appearance essays

Cyrano De Bergiac Appearance essays In my personal essay i chose the umbrealla theme of Cyrano deBergerac as my topic. Which asks if we tend to take importance on how we look than on any other thing that is or should be more important. However in Cyrano deBergerac view he concerns about his nose as being a drawback into his appearance and concern more on his appearance than anything else. In my opinion i would have to say i agree with him. i think that people often tend to be more interested in appearance more than in other things such as personallity, intelligence, ect... It seems that Roxanne was interested in Christain by his looks, and then even more by the ghost-writting of Cyrano which Christain tkaes credit for. Also she was never in love in Cyrano and his writting even though he was all of what Roxanne wanted in a man except that he wasnt attractive. It seems the first thing that people look at when they meet someone is appearance. Thats what i do and most of the people i know do. I also think the media plays a major part in this now at this time. Turn on your TV and guess what youll find another pretty face. It appears that the media is expoliting all the people born with pretty faces or good looks. Its also saying if you dont look good your not going to be a star. I bet alot of ugly or not so good looking people have as much or even more talent than the people we see on tv yet nobody notices them. For example: TV shows like Baywatch or Friends have a cast of people who are good looking. Not only do you have this in show business but in the music industry too: belive it or not . If you watch MTV like I do youll know what im talking about. All you ever see are these teen singers that look hot like Brittney Spears or Christina Agulara, not only them but you get people like backstreet boys or nsync who drive the 12-15 year old girls crazy. And the ...

An Analysis of the Current Developments in International Advertising Essay - 1

An Analysis of the Current Developments in International Advertising Regulation and the Impact on International Marketing Practice and Consumption - Essay Example Some of the notable marketing aspects include e-marketing, social media marketing, product diversification, repositioning of brands among others. In order to enhance product awareness and customer’s loyalty, global companies such as Coca-Cola, Toyota, General motors, Honda, Apple Incorporation, Pepsi among others have taken wide range of advertisements through satellite television, newspapers, internet and other avenues. This paper gives the analysis of the current developments in international advertising regulations and the impact on international marketing practise and consumption. International advertising involves spreading of messages that are related to a product or a service with an aim of propelling the demand from the existing customers or with the purpose of attracting new consumers. It is important to note that due to the cultural diversity and social aspects in various countries, the way customers perceive or react to an advertisement campaign differs. In this regard, international advertising entails the communicating process that takes into consideration the consumption patterns of the audience, multiple cultures and forms of communication. In the same way, international advertisement has been recognized by international agencies as a profitable business in terms of creating adverts on behalf of organizations. One of the major causes of heated discussion among the advertising managers and academics is advertising standardization. According to the advertising managers, establishment of a comprehensive advertisement campaign entails the identification of local, intrinsic and firm factors that manipulate global advertising. In order to effectively serve the firms that were aimed at operating at an international level, advertising agencies established themselves in various countries. This was based on the high returns that they anticipated by treating the advertising campaigns as business

Discussion Board reply Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Discussion Board reply - Assignment Example s emerged due to its associated costs especially to the insurance industry, where it cost the American populous roughly $520 billion over a period of five years. In biblical reference, we are required to help the poor, orphans and widows thus the government helps the church through donations, and the church helps the poor. While it is evident that costs may be towards unemployment compensation, it is hard to ignore the benefits, the economy stands to gain. Association of demand and supply determines if a company can produce goods for a market that are willing and can afford to buy the product. If demand or market of good exists then a company can produce and sell the product (Asmundson, 2013). The company will be willing to produce and sell the product if the profit margins are right for the business. If the costs exceed the profit margin then, the product is not viable for the business since the product will not be marketable. If the company can produce and sell a product to which a market exists and the possibility of profit making then the firm should produce and sell the

The Judgment of leaders Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Judgment of leaders - Assignment Example Both the internal and external societal contexts also plays a major role where organizations notably the corporate world and civil leadership are increasingly fragmented, and acknowledging equivocal and this has resulted into modification and change in various conventional concepts in regard to followership and leadership. The key specific conventional factors include the rise of organizational crisis, ethical issues, social issues, motivation effects and corporate scandals. These factors have created uneasiness, leadership desired and inadequacies and emphasis on the search of meaning. Therefore the practical challenges underlying leadership as a business and social practice has elicited various perspective of judgment from the followers. These conventional perspectives are notably centered on the followers thus taking person-centered thus the underlying judgment rely on stereotyping and heroic leadership. Thus the judgmental influence of the followers is unidirectional flowing from the leaders to their followers representing specific perspective which reconstructs the hierarchical subject-object relations. The leader follower relationship represents widely the interactions and mechanisms between the independent individuals. Followership and its judgmental on the leadership are important because the latter cannot exist without the other. Therefore it is important to determine the leader-centric focus and how the followers judge and understanding interdependence of leadership and its active fellowship. The bottom line on how followers judge leaders is how leadership is shared and the leader’s judgment on his or her followers. Leader-Follower centrality Relational qualities uniting leadership-followership notably have significant influence on Followership judgment on their leaders. This begins with the leadership perception to his or her relative followers and to himself. This forms the foundation in which the followers judge the leaders because the self other perception influences greatly the followers perception. Notably in regard to this are the follower’s judgments that favor leaders’ power and authority over them. This is common where the followers exhibit dominant motif and in this case the followers look compliant and can be easily manipulated even at the extreme ends (Oddenino, 2003). In organizations and corporate world subordinates within dominance motif feel abused but they cannot do anything. The managers and CEOs say that leadership is when pain inflicted is demonstrated for effectiveness to be achieved. The subordinates within dominance motif judge their supervisors and managers with the assumption of mutual dependency idea in their organizations as well as the value of maintaining personal dignity (Weibler, 2011). The subordinates are cowed in their judgments therefore leaders are likely to get deprived of accurate and honesty information. This fuels self-absorption and self-deception resulting in the fa ll of arbitrary power. GROUPTHINK According to Ladkin (2010) in his study on organizational leadership provides that Groupthink is adopted by most followers in judging their leaders. This is where there agreement and consensus is far much important than the solution, in this case followers adopt possible alternative courses of action in their judgments (Ladkin, 2010). This is common in organizations and

Optically Active Pharmaceutical Compounds Biology Essay

Optically Active Pharmaceutical Compounds Biology Essay The molecules which are non super imposable mirror images of one another are termed as chiral. These are a pair of enantiomers and are diasymmetric as well as optically active. Since they promote optical rotation, these enantiomers are also known as optical isomers. These chiral molecules consist of a tetrahedral carbon atom which is attached to four different groups. The carbon atom is the stereogenic or the asymmetric centre of the molecule. The enantiomers are similar in their physical and chemical properties in an achiral environment. Enantiomers have different biological properties. This influences the efficacy and the toxicity of the compounds. Usually, one of the enantiomers is bioactive and the others may be inactive or toxic. Example, Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker used for the treatment for blood pressure, angina. The (S) isomer treats the increase in BP more effectively than the racemate form. The (R) isoform inhibits resistance of cancer cells to anti cancer drugs (Crosby, 1991). The enantiomerically pure compounds are very useful and vital in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. It has also been shown that the optically pure and chiral compounds should be used rather than mixture of enantiomers. The optically active pure compounds are used to produce antibodies, hormones, anti inflammatory, amino acids, vitamins, anti cancer drugs, cardiovascular drugs. Chiral chromatography or ligand exchange chromatography was an analytical technique used for separating enantiomers. High performance liquid chromatography whereby chiral stationary phase is used was efficient in separation of enantiomers. The optically active ligands like amino acids are bound covalently to a solid support, thereby forming a chiral stationary phase. Various amino acid derivatives like N -(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) phenyl glycines are also used.(Pirkle and Pochapsky,1987). The major advantage of chromatography is that it results in high enantiomeric excess and is suitable on the analytical scale. However, its drawback is that the scale up is difficult. The production of enantiomers for optically active drugs may be produced by different methods. Pure compounds are recovered by various extraction techniques from chiral compounds (alkaloids, carbohydrates) exist as pure enantiomers naturally. Fermentation of cheap substrates which are available in abundance (like molasses and sucrose) was a widely used source of single chiral molecules lactic, tartaric and L- amino acids and also for complex substances which include vitamins, antibiotics and hormones.(Buchta,1983). Optically pure compounds may be prepared from inactive starting materials by asymmetric synthesis and resolution of racemates. In the process of asymmetric synthesis (Stinson,1993) an enantiomeric reagent or catalyst is used for carrying out a specific reaction on an achiral substrate (prochiral) to produce a single chiral product. Overall, it is a selective technique as it leads to product selectivity. Its disadvantages are that it may be expensive due to the numerous steps involved and also because of the use of costly enantiomeric reagents. It is cheaper to produce a racemic mixture and then separate the enantiomers by physical methods like kinetic resolution or diastereomeric crystallization. Covalent derivatives are formed using optically pure resolving agents in the diastereomic crystallization method. The drawback is that it is wasteful since the unwanted isomer may be discarded. On the other hand, kinetic resolution is based on the principle that two enantiomers react at vari able rates in the presence of a chiral catalyst like an enzyme. This method involves product selectivity. Biotransformation has also become a key technology used to produce chiral substances. It was used by many companies Eg. Celgene Corporation developed procedures to produce amines by using amino transferase (Celgene corporation,1990).The main advantage of this procedure is that it allows 100% theoretical conversion of the substrate into the final product. Membrane chirotechnology is also a widely used method for producing optically pure isomers. In this procedure, the membrane itself maybe intrinsically enantioselective. This means that the membrane represents a chiral system that separates the desired isomers on the basis of spatial conformation. On the other hand, a membrane separation process may be combined with kinetic resolution by making use of an enantiospecific biocatalyst.That is, the membrane helps in the separation of the product from the substrate on the basis of their chemical properties like solubility. Enantiospecific catalytic membrane reactors may also be used. These comprise of membrane processes which are advantageous as they have the ability to work in a continuous mode and enormous amounts of material could be processes at once. The competitive production of chiral substances requires a large scale, cheap process for the production and separation of the enantiomers. Eg. Pyridoxal phosphate dependant lyase and transferase were used as catalyst in the synthesis of L- amino acid via the carbon carbon bond formation. (Sheldon,1993) The widely used enantiospecific membrane reactors are ultrafiltration hollow fibre membrane reactor (Responsible for production of L phenylalanine by using dehydrogenase catalyst (Schimdt et al, 1987) ) immobilized enzyme membrane reactor, packed bed continuous bioreactor, biphasic membrane reactor etc. Ultra filtration, electrodialysis and membrane extraction are common separation processes that are combined with biotransformation. Matson and Quinn(1979) showed the optimization in production of amino acids enantiomers and studied the separation of L amino acids from the racemate solution by making use of an impregnated liquid membrane alone with an enzyme immobilised membrane. Production of L-phenylalanine from racemic mixture of D,L phenyl lactate was shown by 2 consecutive biotransformation in an enzyme membrane reactor whereby the enzyme and cofactor(NAD/H) had been compartmentalised behind an ultra filtration membrane.(Schmidt et al, 1987). Intrinsically enantioselective membranes are also widely used. Substances which are optically active can be separated on the basis of there physical stereo selectivity. Polymeric membranes having the enantioselective properties intrinsically may be prepared making use of chiral polymers or by chiral modifications of the achiral porous membrane in the presence of chiral recognition agent like cyclodextrins, cyclophane and oligopeptides. In order to prepare the enantioselective membranes, optically active polyacryl amides and cellulose derivatives may be used. Yoshikawa et al,1996, showed separation of tryptophan, phenylalanine and alanine by ultra filtration using the chiral selector which was molecularly imprinted polymeric membranes(DIDE derivatives). Enzymes have the ability to catalyse a broad spectrum of chemical reactions with great efficiency and selectivity under mild and environmentally friendly conditions. By exploiting the selectivity of enzymes for one form of the enantiomer of a racemic mixture, the enantiomerically enriched compound can be obtained by biocatalytic resolution.(Thomas et al,2002) Most commonly, the hydrolytic enzyme are used since they display a range of advantages like stability, specificity, no requirement of cofactors. Among hydrolases, lipase is most commonly used because of high enantioselectivity, commercial availability and good stability in various media.(Seung Hwan et al,2004) Recently a new technique was introduced to display the peptides and proteins on the surface of gram negative and gram positive bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells. This was done by fusing the peptides to surface anchoring motif; and the technique is known as cell surface display. The cell surface display lipase proved to be an excellent biocatalytic system for the kinetic chiral resolution of the racemic compound. Recent advances have shown the use of enzymes in the synthesis of optically pure drugs and biologically active compounds. Enzymes have the ability to distinguish between the enantiomers of racemic substrates. Various strategies have been developed to improve the stereoselectivity of resolutions catalysed by the enzyme. This includes modification of the substrate, recycling of the product and altering the reaction conditions. By making use of these strategies, enzymes with modest stereoselectivity can also be used but only one enantiomer is produced with high yield. Enzyme can catalyse transformations with high region selectivity and chemo selectivity under mild reactions. This is important in the modification of chiral drugs. Eg. Penicillin acylase causes the hydrolysis of benzyl penicillin without affecting the beta lactam ring and allows the industrial preparation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid which is a precursor for many semi synthetic penicillins. Enzymes (hydrolases) have success fully been used in the synthesis of chiral pharmaceuticals, however modern methods of protein engineering and industrial microbiology help in the production of enzymes which are more inexpensive, stable with broad substrate specificity and high stereoselectivity.(Alexey L.Margolin,1993) Catalytic asymmetric synthesis is the asymmetric synthesis that is catalysed by chiral (transition) metal complex. The reactions that are involved are Redox transformations or carbon carbon bond forming processes that complement enzymatic hydrolytic process. The three types of chemo catalysts that exist are heterogenous metal catalyst, homogenous complex and soluble chiral acid or bases. Emil Fishers work on asymmetric induction which was based on cyanohydrin synthesis was the first reaction subjected to asymmetric catalysis. Enantiomerically pure amino acids, amino alcohols, amines, alcohols and epoxides play an important role as intermediates in the agrochemical and pharmaceutical industry whereby high level of purity and a large quantity is required. The enantiomerically pure active compounds help in improving the economics of the process, thereby leading to reduced quantities applied and less amount of an environmental impact. Chemical process for the manufacturing of amino acids: Even though asymmetric syntheses of amino acids are known (Michael Breuer et al,2004), no economical process has been developed. Bucherer Bergs sub type which is Strecker synthesis was employed for the industrial manufacturing of the racemic amino acids. The alpha amino nitrile is produced from hydrocyanic acid, ammonia and an aldehyde and may be hydrolysed to the amino acid directly or in the presence of carbon dioxide it gets converted into hydantoin. The hydantoin is then subjected to hydrolysis in a basic media to give the racemic amino acid. Another route to the racemic amino acid is amido carbonylation in the presence of a transition metal. Although, there is no commercially viable chemical process for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure amino acid, the production of racemic amino acid is still of great importance because the racemates may be converted to enantiomerically pure compounds by various biocatalytic methods. The catalysts used in the biotransformation are metabolically inactive cells or isolated enzymes. It is the method of choice for the production of enantiomerically pure D- amino acids and various other non natural amino acids. Lyases may be used as biocatalysts in the production of L- Aspartic acid from fumaric acid (Beller et al,2000). Amino acid dehydrogenase (deaminating amino acid oxido reductase) allows enantioselective biotransformation on an industrial scale. These enzymes have low substrate specificity due to which non natural compounds may also be transformed. In addition, they also require co substrates which help in supplying the hydride ions for the reduction of Schiff base. There is also a chemo enzymatic method for amino acid synthesis. In this, L- amino acid gets oxidised by L- amino acid oxidase. Imine (intermediate) gets reduced by Pd-C in ammonium formate buffer. In the resulting racemic mixture, only L enantiomer is utilised by oxidase where as the D- enantiomer accumulates. Therefore, the enantiomeric form of the amino acid which is produced depends entirely on the specificity of the oxidase. The enantiomerically pure amino acid can also be prepared by the racemate resolution. Eg: L and D amino acid can be prepared with the Hydantoinase-carbamoylase system. Production of carboxylic acids: Carboxylic acid can be isolated from natural sources(chiral pool).Naturally occurring chiral compounds obtained from the chiral pool are an alternative to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure products. An examples of a chiral carboxylic acid that is isolated from the natural sources is L (+) tartaric acid (Mitsugi et al,1978). During the fermentation of grape, the isomeric form of tartaric acid separates out as tartarate (potassium hydrogen tartarate).On reacting with calcium chloride or calcium hydroxide and sulphuric acid, isomeric tartaric acid is released; gypsum and yeast residues occur as the by products. Natural carbohydrate building blocks were used for several decades for the preparation of sugar acids which were enantiomerically pure. Another method is the classical chemical synthesis which involves crystallization with enantiomerically pure amines. The enantiomers of the racemic carboxylic acids are known to separate by fractional crystal lization of the diastereomeric salts which are formed with the enantiomerically pure amines. Eg: Thiazolidine carboxylic acid (enantiomerically pure), an intermediate in the synthesis of CP-060- S is isolated by the resolution of racemate with N- benzyl-1-phenylethylamine. (Pompejus et al, 2001) Production of amines: The chemical process involved is the crystallization with chiral carboxylic acids. Isolation of enantiomerically pure amines can be carried out by the crystallization of diastereomeric salts of chiral carboxylic acids with chiral amines (Jacques et al,1980). Thus (R) or (S) 1- phenylethlyamine may be produced on an industrial scale by the crystallization with either (R)- mandelic acid or (S)- malic acid. Mandelic acid was shown to be an important resolving agent for numerous numbers of amines. Dutch resolution is a variant of the classical racemate resolution. In order to reduce the search for an appropriate resolving agent for an amine through combinatorial approach, a mixture of many optically active acids were used. The salt that was precipitated contained several acid anions. Production of optically active amino alcohols: (S)-2-Aminobutanol is an important amino alcohol intermediate which is used for the synthesis of ethambutol (tuberculostatic)and it must be administered in its enantiomerically pure form as it may lead to blindness. The enantiomerically pure form can be obtained from the racemate by carrying out the crystallization with L-Tartaric acid.(Sheldon et al,1993) Production of alcohols: The main process involved was the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones. Noyori et al showed the development of asymmetric hydrogenation of keto esters and ketones. The catalysts used were ruthenium complexes of binap and derivatives like tol-binap (Akutagawa,1995)and segphos. The biotechnological process is mainly the enzyme catalysed resolution. For the resolution of racemate alcohols, enzymatic acylations were developed in early 1980s.The racemic alcohols are made to react with an acylating agent under enzyme catalysis whereby one enantiomer is unconverted whereas the other enantiomer is esterified. The biocatalysts used are bacterial and fungal lipases. Production of epoxides: This includes sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation. The route to the formation of chiral epoxides is based on the optically active diols which may be converted to their respective oxiranes. Another method is the Jacobsen asymmetric epoxidation which is based on (salen) manganese III precatalyst and the hypochlorite is used as the stoichiometric oxidizing agent. The chemical processes may be compared with the biotransformation with respect to the environmental impact and economic efficiency. The drawbacks of the chemical routes are solvent emission or toxicity of certain compounds. On the other hand, chiral technologies are developing rapidly. Highly versatile technologies and procedures are introduced. Most chiral intermediates are produced in minute quantities. Therefore, the criteria that should be considered for the methods introduced are that they should have a broad substrate spectrum, not require specialised equipment and have a cost effective access to a range of products. It is not possible to make general conclusions about the superiority of one type of technology in comparison with the others. The most economic technique will depend on their component which is why each case should be investigated individually. However, in the overall process, the chiral step should be introduced as early as possible but this may be hindered by other factors like racemisation of the unwanted isomer. Membrane chirotechnology is also an emerging technique having several advantages with respect to the purity of simple isomers, productivity and ease of scale up. These techniques have mainly been used at the laboratory scale. Application on a large scale needs more investment especially in developing the experimental set up rather than investigations which have been carried out on chirality that have been developed in the chromatographic field.

Helping Children with Cerebral Palsy: Locomotor Treadmill Training or S

INTRODUCTION Cerebral Palsy is a condition that involves the brain and nervous system which results in disorders in movement, learning, hearing, seeing and thinking. There has been a rise on the number of children who are diagnosed with CP since the 1960’s (Mattern-Baxter, 2010). After a child has been diagnosed with CP, it is important to help them regain their ability to walk. Cerebral palsy is a permanent but not unchanging condition that requires the help of medical professionals, the children and their families (Mattern-Baxter, 2010). Since the recent increase of the number of children diagnosed with CP, researchers has emphasized the importance of intensive intervention at an early stage (Prosser, Lee, VanSant, Barbe, & Lauer, 2010). Ways to help improve the gait kinematics of children with CP are through locomotor treadmill training (LTT) or strength training. There are advantages and disadvantages with both methods. There are also different cases of CP so the effects of these metho ds vary between the children. A disadvantage for locomotor treadmill training is that it is less effective on children with CP less than 4 years old (Mattern-Baxter, 2010). Strength training may improve walking function to some patients but may cause no change or undesired outcomes to others (Damiano, Arnold, Steele & Delp, 2010). It is important to look at the best method that can help improve ambulation in children with CP since the number of children diagnosed with this condition is becoming more frequent. The purpose of this paper is to compare the different studies and determine which strategy is more effective for children with cerebral palsy, treadmill training, or strength training. METHODS In searching for references, the sea... ...aining and which will not. The research on muscle activating pattern should be helpful in determining why strength training helps some patients and not others. Researchers should also include more participants for these studies. REFERENCES Damiano, D., Arnold, A., Steele, K., & Delp, S. (2010). Can Strength Training Predictably Improve Gait Kinematics? A Pilot Study on the Effects of Hip and Knee Extensor Strengthening on Lower- Extremity Alignment in Cerebral Palsy. Physical Therapy, 90(2), 269-279. Mattern-Baxter, K.. (2010). Locomotor Treadmill Training for Children With Cerebral Palsy. Orthopaedic Nursing, 29(3), 169-175. Prosser, L., Lee, S., VanSant, A., Barbe, M., & Lauer, R. (2010). Trunk and Hip Muscle Activation Patterns Are Different During Walking in Young Children With and Without Cerebral Palsy. Physical Therapy, 90(7), 986-997.

Comparative

Though we are all equipped with the ability of loving someone, but the flow of love we let out is different from one to another. Besides, we can also clearly observe a world of different ways of love between couples, husbands and wives, or even mothers and children. For example, in the poem, â€Å"Leaving the Motel†, are two secret lovers sharing their love after an afternoon sexual encounter, while in † After Making Love We Hear Footsteps†, the presence of the couple's child perfect the family love. Thus, different poet will interpret the same topic distinctly.Reading through these two poems, the very first difference that I observe is the tone used in the poem. In â€Å"Leaving the Motel†, everything seems to go so fast, and the speaker keeps looking from here to there carefully and sprightly. Besides, the large uses of enjambment indicates that the actions shouldn't include any pauses and must be done all the way until everything is in the right position, such as the following lines quoted below, Check: is the second bed Unreeled, as agreed? Landlords have to think ahead In case of need, (lines 5-8)Beside the enjambments used in lines, find out that author ingeniously utilized the enjambment between paragraphs such as paragraph 5 to paragraph 6: We've paid. Still, should such things get lonely, An aspirin to preserve Our lilacs, the wayside flowers (lines 19-22) Leave in their vase And from above, it's dawn on me that though they eager to express the true feelings in their minds, they failed to do so. As the tone shift, the word â€Å"still† in line 19 and the truth that â€Å"A few more hours; / That's all† (lines 24-25) reveals nothing could actually last.This kind of erotic love contained not only worrying but also guilt, because the love can't be preserved as long as possible and can't be confirmed under the sun. This tone is much different with the other poem, â€Å"After Making Love We heard Footsteps†. At the beginning of the first stanza, For I can snore like a bullhorn or play loud music or sit up talking with any reasonably sober Irishman (lines 1-3) these lines portray a lighthearted tone. Later author put down the sweet sex of the couple, describing the sounds of the progress in lines 6 and 7, â€Å"but let there e that heavy breathing / or a stifled come-cry anywhere in the house†.In contrast with the brisk and short tone in â€Å"Leaving the Motel†, it is rather meticulous and enthusiastic. Likewise, the tones secretly shift as the third person shows up, the emergence of a little boy. At first, consider the image of boys insecurity in such a big house would be a bad interruption in a negative light, as the boy leaves a question, â€Å"Are you loving and snuggling? May join? † (line 16) But I am utterly wrong as the tone showing me the love the parents hold for their child.In second stanza, which I considered the most touching and convincing one, when spea ker said, â€Å"this one whom habit of memory propels to the ground of his making (line 22) and this blessing love gives again into our arms. † (line 24), they pick up the meaning of sex and it is through the progress that their child came to the family. Hence, the word â€Å"love† in line 24 carries two meanings. One is sex of love and the other is the child of love. Except the tone and internal form, we may also find details about the poems.

Education, A Bet Worth Taking essays

Education, A Bet Worth Taking essays Free college tuition, up-to-date technologies in every classroom, and reduced class sizes. Do not these ideas sound good? All of this and much more can be possible with a state lottery for North Carolina. State lotteries produce additional funds for the state that can be allocated towards educational purposes in hopes of helping to raise a states rankings at the national level. Creating a state lottery for North Carolina would generate additional funds for educational purposes, help to boost the yearly budget, and provide scholarship opportunities for residents. North Carolina is currently one of the twelve states that remain without a lottery and the only one on the east coast (Lottery Supporters Wonder..., 1). It is a shame to think that while our neighboring states are prospering from the luxuries of a lottery, North Carolinians are being left without. Anti-lottery advocates argue that the lottery preys on the poor and uneducated... (McLaughin, 2). However, a study by Money magazine discovered that low income families do not buy a greater portion of lottery tickets, but instead found that ticket purchases are spread evenly between all economic levels (Study Offers New Insights..., 1). Grass Roots organizer, Gary Minter makes a good point when he says, Taxes are mandatory...With a lottery its totally your decision (Lure of the Lottery:, 1), reiterating the fact that just because your state has a lottery you dont have to partake in it by buying a ticket. One of the many hopes that North Carolina teachers have is that with a lottery many crowded schools will be reduced in class sizes. When asked about the lottery, Joyce Elliot, of the North Carolina Association of Educators (NCAE), replied, It would provide the money in order to hire additional teachers to reduce the sizes of the classes. As research shows children excel greater wit...

Centrosaurus - Facts and Figures

Centrosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Centrosaurus (Greek for pointed lizard); pronounced SEN-tro-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of western North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and three tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Single, long horn on end of snout; moderate size; large frill over head About Centrosaurus It was probably too dumb to notice the difference, but Centrosaurus was definitely lacking when it came to defensive armament: this ceratopsian possessed only a single long horn on the end of its snout, compared to three for Triceratops (one on its snout and two over its eyes) and five (more or less, depending on how youre counting) for Pentaceratops. Like others of its breed, Centrosaurus horn and large frill probably served dual purposes: the frill as a sexual display and (possibly) a way to dissipate heat, and the horn to head-butt other Centrosaurus adults during mating season and intimidate hungry raptors and tyrannosaurs. Centrosaurus is known by literally thousands of fossil remains, making it one of the worlds best-attested ceratopsians. The first, isolated remains were discovered by Lawrence Lambe in Canadas Alberta province; later, nearby, researchers discovered two vast Centrosaurus bonebeds, containing thousands of individuals of all growth stages (newborns, juveniles, and adults) and extending for hundreds of feet. The most likely explanation is that these herds of migrating Centrosaurus were drowned by flash floods, not an unusual fate for dinosaurs during the late Cretaceous period, or that they simply perished of thirst while gathered around a dry water hole. (Some of these Centrosaurus bonebeds are interlaced with Styracosaurus fossils, a possible hint that this even more ornately decorated ceratopsian was in the process of displacing Centrosaurus 75 million years ago.) Recently, paleontologists announced a pair of new North American ceratopsians that seem to have been closely related to Centrosaurus, Diabloceratops and Medusaceratopsboth of which sported their own unique horn/frill combinations reminiscent of their more famous cousin (hence their classification as centrosaurine rather than chasmosaurine ceratopsians, albeit ones with very Triceratops-like characteristics as well). Given the profusion of ceratopsians discovered in North America over the last few years, it may be the case that the evolutionary relationships of Centrosaurus and its nearly indistinguishable cousins have yet to be fully sorted out.

I'm one, Archie Anderson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I'm one, Archie Anderson - Essay Example ing fed up – I’d like to get the government off my back.† This statement possesses a tone of conviction and through the manner by which he conveys the rest of his argument in a piece of story, Anderson exhibits an ethos via defending his natural right to make choices and decisions for himself, as a man of the right age and maturity in a free country. According to him, regulation must be fair to everyone and Anderson acknowledges the good impact of the segregation scheme in restaurants and public places where smokers gather in a particular area apart from non-smokers. However, he expresses fervent disagreement toward the prevailing notion that smoking must be banned anywhere for this would entail terms of illegality being imposed upon his own territory and properties over which he believes he has every right to exercise freedom. He retaliates as well against the probability of charging 800% tax-increase on cigarettes which to him is a such discriminatory proposition of the government. It makes no just treatment for smokers and once the state officials manage to accomplish this task, Anderson figures that the government would have a way of implementing other policies in which prohibitions may further affect the interests of non-smoking parties. With the nature of his argument, Anderson occurs to have effectively delivered pathos through the details that communicate concern regarding suppression of rights especially as he sounds democratic in the process. The target audience is the reader who could be a smoking or a non-smoking individual residing in the U.S. and Anderson calls the audience to a collective thought and action by the logic (logos) that if the government intervenes and is able to carry out certain measures that hold illegal an activity or inclination of most people and the latter fail to react properly, it would be as though they would be deprived of right to options and democracy. Hence, he convinces the target audience by making them perceive

Microbial communities found within the human body Essay

Microbial communities found within the human body - Essay Example it to be a "newly discovered organ" since its existence was not generally recognized until the late 1990s and it is understood to potentially have overwhelming impact on human health. Modern DNA sequencing techniques have enabled researchers to find the majority of these microbes, since the majority of them cannot be cultured in a lab using current techniques.  The ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space is known as â€Å"microbiome†. This term was originally coined by Joshua Lederberg, who argued the importance of microorganisms inhabiting the human body in health and disease. Many scientific articles distinguish "microbiome" and "microbiota" to describe either the collective genomes  of the microorganisms that reside in an environmental niche or the microorganisms themselves, respectively. However by the original definitions these terms are largely synonymous. The  human microbiome  (or  human m icrobiota) is the aggregate of  microorganisms, a microbiome that resides on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, in the  conjunctiva, and in the gastrointestinal tracts. They include  bacteria,  fungi, and  archea. Some of these organisms perform tasks that are useful for the human host. However, the majority have been too poorly researched for us to understand the role they play. Those that are expected to be present, and that under normal circumstances do not cause disease, but instead participate in maintaining health, are deemed members of the â€Å"normal flora†. Most of the microbes associated with humans appear to be not harmful at all, but rather assist in maintaining processes necessary for a healthy body. A surprising finding was that at specific sites on the body, a different set of microbes may perform the same function for different people. For example, on the tongues of two people two entirely different sets of organi sms will break down sugars in the same