Book Review on Custer Died for Your Sins Essay - 1288 Words

â€Å"Indians are like the weather.† With his opening words Vine Deloria Jr. sets up the basis for the rest of his witty yet substantial manifesto, Custer Died for Your Sins. The book, which describes the struggles and misrepresentation of the American Indian people in 1960s American culture, is written in a style that changes from ironic and humorous satire to serious notions, then back again. Through energetic dialogue that engages the reader in a clever and articulate presentation, Deloria advocates the dismissal of old stereotypes and shows a viewpoint that allows the general public to gain a deeper understanding of what it is to be an American Indian. In the first chapter of his manifesto, called Indians Today: The Real and Unreal,†¦show more content†¦His writing outlines how the people that have misconceived notions of helping their fellow â€Å"man† through religion or study have the very same problem of lack of understanding. He writes very simply that, â€Å"What we need is a cultural leave-us-alone agreement in spirit and fact.† The precision of this statement is another attribute about Deloria’s writing that makes is so compelling. Whether you agree with the statement or not, it very clearly defines his view on the subject. He believes that the very idea of trying to solve the problem is the problem to begin with. Native Americans do not need to absorb into what white America thinks of as modern society, they need to be left alone. He calls for â€Å"fewer and fewer experts on Indians.† The first chapter serves as a basis for the rest. Chapter two, like the rest, take up individual examples of ideas expressed in the beginning of the manifesto. Titled, Laws and Treaties, it deals with the disregard of many agreements between the United States government and native peoples. Deloria does not simply outline the problem but uses unique examples to stress his points. He calls out the hypocrisies of the government by comparing their philosophies with their actions. â€Å"The message was that America had to keep her commitments is southeast Asia or the world would lose faith in the

Teenager Is A Teenager, An Exciting, Scary, Horrible, And...

From the time that an individual is born into this world, they are continually faced with growth and change. Upon the reaching of adolescence, an individual will face many more changes that affect feelings, emotions and personality. Males and females face the same milestones with different hormones, so they are affected and changed by them differently. What It Feels Like To Be a Teenager Being a teenager is an exciting, scary, and overall stressful time in one’s life. Many changes occur physically and mentally and one can experience a new range of different emotions. A teen is also influenced by surrounding environmental factors then they used to be. Teenagers dream of doing cool things away from their parents and gaining a whole new level of independence that all begins when they turn about 13. That is actually a naà ¯ve view of what becoming a teenager is really all about. When an adolescent enters their teenage years, puberty begins. The body goes through major growth spurts that affect the body and mind. Boys will shoot up in height and develop a deeper-toned voice leaving them to feel like a man. A girl’s body will fill out as they develop breasts, pubic hair, and begin their menstrual cycle. The increase of hormones comes into play and mentally alters a girl s perception and attitude. Also, their voice will change too, but it will not be as drama tic as it is for a young boy. This stage of adolescence is very awkward and embarrassing for most kids because they aren t

An Introduction to Social Psychology

Questions: 1. Explain the difference between a conscious and an unconscious assumption, using two examples of each. 2.How do hidden assumptions affect reasoning and arguments? Explain at least two effects of hidden assumptions. 3. Explain how several stereotypes contain assumptions. Give examples.4. Define the word opinion and explain at least three different ways this word can be used to convey three different meanings. 5. What is a fixed opinion? Give some examples of your own fixed opinions or fixed opinions belonging to other people you know. How can a fixed opinion keep a person from thinking? Answers: 1. The difference between a conscious and and an unconscious assumption is as follows: The key tool of a creative thinker involves making conscious assumptions. Isaac Newton has rightly said that no discovery can be made without a bold presumption. On the other hand, an unconscious assumption involves mental as well as emotional patterns that are laid down in the upbringing, from the ages of two to six. Example of a conscious assumption- The individuals can assume that the values of property will continue to increase and therefore they can invest in the real estate. The example of unconscious assumption includes poor arguments ad rapid generalizations (Parker Shotter, 2015). 2. Hidden assumptions affect reasoning and arguments in a way that it assists to identify the neglected or hidden factors in underlying explanations of pragmatic phenomena. In our daily life, the arguments are are generally encountered by us are frequently the arguments, where significant assumptions are not explicitly. It is an essential part of critical thinking that the individuals should be able of identifying such implicit or hidden assumptions. The two effects of hidden assumptions include the inferiority and have contradictions. They can be utilized for sizing the problems and speculates regarding the opportunities. They are less justified in comparison to the apparent assumptions (Smith et al., 2014). 3. Several stereotypes contain assumptions in a way that individuals make regarding the characteristics of every member of a group in terms of an image concerning what individuals in that group are like. A study has revealed that Americans are commonly considered as generous, friendly, and broadminded but also egotistical, intolerant, and dominant. Conversely, they are expected to be vigilant and shrewd, but reserved. Evidently, not all Americans are generous and friendly; and not all Asians possess a reserved behavior. The common examples of stereotypes include racial remarks, gender profiling and sexual stereotype (McDougall, 2015). 4. The word opinion refers to a judgment or view formed regarding something, which is not essentially based on knowledge or fact. This word can be explained in three different ways that can be used to convey three different meanings as follows: In psychology, group opinion is the collection of opinions from a group of subjects like committee, legislature or jury. A Judicial opinion encompasses the opinion of a judge that accompanies and elucidates a ruling in a disagreement before the court. An editorial opinion is the assessment of a subject matter by a newspaper as communicated on its editorial column (Simpson Kenrick, 2013). 5. A fixed opinion is an opinion, which cannot be altered as the individuals stop the process of thinking. I have a fixed opinion with respect to the fact that there racism should not be tolerated by the individuals as it leads to inequalities in the society and creates physical and mental disturbances. A fixed opinion keeps a person from thinking by excluding any input to the opposing opinions. The person makes a mind that whatever happens he/she will not change their opinion because their mind reaches to a point in which there is no space for any sort of alterations in terms of changing an opinion (McDougall, 2015). References McDougall, W. (2015).An introduction to social psychology. Psychology Press. Parker, I., Shotter, J. (Eds.). (2015).Deconstructing social psychology(Vol. 21). Psychology Press. Simpson, J. A., Kenrick, D. (2013).Evolutionary social psychology. Psychology Press. Smith, E. R., Mackie, D. M., Claypool, H. M. (2014).Social psychology. Psychology Press.

Cindy Lew Once Said... free essay sample

Cindy Lew once said â€Å"remember that the greatest gift is not found in a store nor under the tree, but in the heart of a true friend.† Having a friend is similar to receiving a present from this life. Everyone receives one lifetime with a time limit. A friend is one who will go through my life even though I’m dealing with hardship or success. When I pick a person to be my friend, the only thing I care about is his/her personality. All of my friends are really reliable to me and until now, I still believe that I have made a right choice. If you find a friend who has a great sense of humor, when you in struggle in life, you will find out that all you need is a person who you will trust and will listen to you. A true friend is the one who will sit next to you when you get tired and want to rest in silence. We will write a custom essay sample on Cindy Lew Once Said or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Like everyone else, I had close friends at school and we studied together all school year. We loved to go to school together and study as a group. Then one summer, my family and I moved to the U.S. actually, at that time I was too young to care about leaving my friends and all of the beautiful memories. When I first I came here, I missed them so dearly that all I wanted was time to go back there for just one hour , only one hour so that I could stay with them. But when I couldn’t change anything in my life, I needed to change my attitude. Three years passed with my hard work at school. Since I needed to learn to handle a new life in the U.S., I became stronger. But I started losing my fun time and instead of hanging out with my friends, I studied and practiced English. Again, the summer came with joy, to hear my dad announce that I could go back to Vietnam . My friends hadnt changed much over a long time, as I met them again after three years. I told them about my life in the U.S. Then we told each other about our lives. One thing that surprised me a lot was that each of them still remembered exactly what we used to do, and especially our secret, the one only four of us knew. Coming back home, I found myself wanting to play hide – and – seek and eat breakfast with my friends. True friends will always be my true friends even though time had passed and there were so many things that I forgot to do with them. These three friends always will be right there waiting for me to come back and watch over me by their heart. Tears came out of our eyes on the day I left. As the airplane was flying, my heart was empty, as if our memories and this happy time would go as my foot stepped into the airport. After coming back to the U.S I realized one thing. It is a miracle that I found these three best friends. Sometimes, distance can not separate true friendship. In your lifetime, people will walk by you, but someone will stop at your heart and they may stay there to warm your heart. like winter in Alaska, and you will still feel warm because you are not alone. But if one d ay these friends leave you, and you have an empty heart, you will still feel warm because there will be a footprint on your heart. As a memory that will stay with you for the rest of your life. We will never say â€Å"good – bye† to each other because those beautiful memories are not in our head, but they live in our heart. Meeting a friend is a destiny. isn’t it?(Delete) Don’t let your chance run away, time wi ll let you see what a true friend is

A comparison and contrast of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Ending by Gavin Ewart Essays

A comparison and contrast of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Ending by Gavin Ewart Essays A comparison and contrast of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Ending by Gavin Ewart Paper A comparison and contrast of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Ending by Gavin Ewart Paper Essay Topic: Andrew Marvell Poems Literature To His Coy Mistress was written by a poet called Andrew Marvell who was born on the 31st March 1621. He was a Cambridge-educated priest, poet and a Member of Parliament. The poem was written in the year 1652. The theme of the poem is love and its passionate beginnings. The genre of the poem is carpe diem which is Latin for seize the day or get the most out of life. Carpe diem was used effectively by Horace; therefore this poem is quasi-Horatian. The theme is basically love and physical seduction which occurs at the beginning of a relationship. The poem shows how men seduced women typically in the seventeenth century. The title of the poem suggests that the woman is generally shy, a little withdrawn and maybe secretly wanting to get involved with the man. The form of the poem is lyric. There are three sections to the poem, marked by indents at the verses. The poems context is time-period. The form is quite suitable to the theme because it shows in three sections how the man seduces the woman. In the first section, he is flattering and complimenting her. The second section is dark, pressuring and the mood gets much more sombre at the mention of death behind them. The third section is more upbeat and rushed because hes saying to her now Ive explained everything to you. Marvell has presented the theme by unfolding it gradually during the poem. In the first few sentences its clear that the theme is love because he is talking about if they had enough time what they would do. He flatters her by saying two hundred years to adore each breast and lady you deserve this state. He applies his rhetorical language skills on her. In the second section, the theme of love is overpowered by the threatening of time, death and darkness. Marvell uses this in the second section to show us how men applied pressure on women in those times. The man tried flattering her at the beginning, but that didnt work, so he changed his technique to try and pressurise her. He wants her to understand that shes not going to live forever, so she should take her chance. Thy beauty shall no more be found. Nor in thy marble vault shall sound my echoing song. Hes telling her that her beauty is going to disappear if they dont beat time. He also describes a vault which is where they kept dead bodies in those days. Hes saying to her you wont hear my poetry or my words; you will be lying there with all the dead bodies, decomposing and rotting away. The theme of the third section is unfolded with the physical aspect of love, Let us roll all our strength and all our sweetness up into one ball. He basically tells her that they should put everything together into one in a physical sense. The last section is rounding off everything and the man is telling the woman that its her decision now. The poem is low-pitched in tone and the language Marvell uses is old-fashioned, mainly because the poem was written in the seventeenth century. The language is rhetorical and reflected on time as he talks about historical dates in the first section. For example, he mentions the conversion of the Jews and the flood associated with Noah. In the first section, the tone is gentle, flattering and persuasive. However, in the second section, theres a dark tone therefore the poem may be whispered, hushed, intimate and deliberately chilling. The mood of the male speaker is changeable. In the first section, he is quite relaxed and gentle. In the second section, his mood changes suddenly to dark, sombre and rushed. This is because hes trying to pressurise her into having sex with him. To do this, he depresses her by telling her that death is going to catch up with her and they need to beat time. After the dark section about death, his mood changes in the third section to a happy and joyous one because hes trying to excite her and persuade her to fulfil their lives. He says now let us sport us wile we may. By saying that, hes telling her that they should get on with it. The atmosphere is quite tense at times, but overall its peaceful. What he says to her in the beginning is both romantic and influential, for example, we would sit down and think which way to walk and pass or long loves day. Andrew Marvell uses a series of kinetic images to show the mans love and connect it with time. Firstly, he talks to her about the river Ganges in India, then the Humber, and then he talks about the flood which happened at around 3,000BC. He tells her that he would love her ten years before that if they had all the time in the world. By doing this, he is using exotic imagery because the river Ganges is considered to be a holy and sacred river in India. The he uses contrast as he compares it to the river Humber, I by the tide of Humber would complain. This image is miserable as he says complain which means weeping or crying. Also, the river Humber is significant to Marvell because his father drowned there in the year 1640. Marvell also uses static imagery when he describes desarts of vast eternity as in eternal deserts which go on forever. Its a depressing and miserable thought which Marvell cleverly connects to the carpe diem theme. There is more dark imagery when the male speaker says, nor in thy marble vault, shall sound me echoing song: then worms shall try that long preservd virginity. Hes saying that she has two options either she lets him have her virginity, or she can die with it and let the worms have it. It is both erotic and grotesque in a way. Its hardly flattering imagery, but it was a very common technique in those days for men to seduce women in that way. The movement of this poem is regular and nearly every line has eight syllables. It is irregular because I cannot see any metrical structure or patterns in the line-construction. Marvell emphasises the last line by trying to rush it. He does this by using all the words with monosyllables, stand still, yet we will make him run. This poem has a slow pace which reflects the mood. Its suitable because the speaker is talking about love, time and death which are slow topics and drag on. However, there is occasional acceleration in the second section where the speaker is rushing everything. Marvell uses formal, complex and archaic language in this poem, for example, shouldst, thou, thus, languish, strife, and alwaies. There is also esoteric language which is metaphysical too. An example of this is my vegetable love. It produces a strange image by harnessing strange and unrelated words together. I think Marvell described love with vegetable because a vegetable grows slowly and it gives the impression of love growing slowly over time. Marvell uses personification as he vivifies Death and Time. He says but at my back I alwaies hear times wingi d chariot hurrying near. Time is personified here as passing very quickly. The word chariot is associated with armies and destruction and the image gives is us the impression that death is approaching from behind them. Rather at once our Time devour is another sentence in which Marvell incorporates the idea of tine wasting them away. In a way, the male speaker is telling the woman that they heave to use up their time rather than let it use them. Another phrase that caught my attention is then worms shall try that long preservd virginity. The male speaker tries to seduce the woman by using this repulsive and erotic idea. Hes saying dont take your virginity with you when you die, give it to me. Marvell uses a metaphor in the last section of the poem when he says, thorough the iron gates of life. Iron gates have the strength to keep and confine people, so the male speaker is saying that they should make love and push the gates wide open. In conclusion, this is a passionate poem showing how men seduced women by using the idea of death and time. I particularly like the way Marvell personifies time as a chariot approaching from behind and in my opinion this is a well-written and detailed poem. Ending is a poem written by Gavin Ewart. He is poet who was born in London in the year 1916 and died in 1995. Ewart came from a Scottish background and he wrote the poem in the 1970s. Ewart was Cambridge-educated and he became a poet before the Second World War. The poem is different to other love poems because the theme of it is the ending of a relationship, not the beginning. The title is only the word Ending, without the word The in front. By doing this, Ewart gives the poem a sense of finality. The poem has fourteen lines; however, it is not a sonnet. There are eight or nine syllables per line. The poem is written in seven rhyming couplets. There is no particular setting for the poem, but there is only a male speaker talking through the past of relationship. Ewart has chosen to construct the poem in rhyming couplets, for instance, the kisses that were as hot as curry are bird-pecks taken in a hurry. The poem is made to unfold gradually before the reader. Ewart does this by developing the same idea for each couplet. The first line in each couplet talks about how the relationship was when it first started. The second line in each couplet compares the first to how the situation is now (the relationship about to end). For example, the feet that ran to meet a date is the first of the couplet, and the second is are running slow and running late. The poet gives the poem a sense of finality again by using a low-pitched tone. The volume is also low when somebody reads out the poem. Its quiet and reflective. The mood of the speaker is sombre and serious. Hes not happy, but he isnt suicidal. Hes just sorry that the relationship is over. The atmosphere is created by an industrial dispute from the 1970s. For example, the hands that held electric charges is related back to the 1970s industrial action where there was a union/government crisis. There were a lot of power cuts and the workers went on strike because of this. Running slow and running late also relates back because at that time there was action taken on trains as a result of them always being late. Another effective example here is the eyes that shone and seldom shut are victims of a power cut. This describes how workers took revenge on the government by shutting down their power plants. All of this shows how love I a product of what happens in society. Transmitted joy is also another word linked to electricity. The imagery used in the poem by Gavin Ewart is mostly kinetic. This is because each line of the poem produces a different mental image. For example, the hands that held electric charges now lie inert as four moored barges. This gives us a series of images of how the couples hands were held together but now they lie motionless. In this poem, you can predict how the rhythm will take place. This is called regular rhythm. This is created by metrical structure which is an ancient Greek system of line construction. Ewart achieves this by using approximately eight or nine syllables per line and patterns of emphases. This pattern is called iambics which has a Latin origin. Iambs are a metrical foot of an unstressed syllable followed by a short or stressed syllable. The first couplet in the poem has ten iambs per line. The second and third have nine iambs. The fourth, fifth and sixth couplets have eight iambs per line. The last couplet has eight iambs in the first line and nine in the last. The pace in this poem is not too fast and not too slow, so I would say that it is moderate. This is reflective upon the sombre mood which the speaker is in. the language that Ewart uses is simple and straightforward, its easy to understand. I think that Ewart uses modern language in the poem because he wanted it to reflect upon the time he was living in, which is the 1970s. The language used is based on students lives because Ewart talks about curry and kisses and dates which immediately makes us think of university students. A phrase that appears in this poem which is a powerful one is the hands that held electric charges now lie inert as four moored barges. Electric charges are again associated with power cuts, but they also give us an idea of the passion of a relationship when it first begins. Ewart uses assonance in the phrase because four and moored have the same vowel sound, they are an internal rhyme. Describing their hands as inert barges shows is that they are worn out and lay still theres no sexual contact anymore. Ewart uses developed imagery throughout the poem which is classed as metaphysical. Gavin Ewart also uses the word coy in the poem, just like in Marvells poem. However, in this poem, the woman is described as coy because she is disinterested. Ewart personifies romance in he last two lines when he says, romance, expected once to stay, has left a note saying GONE AWAY. Leaving a note to a partner is the modern and conventional way of ending a relationship. People do this because they cannot face telling their partners their true feelings. Ewart emphasises this by using capital letters. In conclusion, this is a modern poem with only a male speaker who reflects upon the beginning of a relationship and compares it with how it ends. Its a short but descriptive poem. I am now going to compare the similarities between the poems. The first thing these poems have in common is the fact that they are both about love and its physicality. The poets, Gavin Ewart and Andrew Marvell were both educated at Cambridge. Both poems contain metaphysical language. In To His Coy Mistress the phrase used is vegetable love. In Ending its the developed imagery that Ewart uses. The two poems refer incidentally to India. To His Coy Mistress describes that sacred Indian River Ganges and Ending contains the native Indian food p curry. Both poems include images of human contact. Marvell says lets roll all our strength and all our sweetness up into one ball, referring to their bodies. Ewart writes the kisses that were hot as curry are bird-pecks taken in a hurry. Looking at the language used in the poems, I have noticed that the word coy appears in both of them. However, they do mean different things. In To His Coy Mistress Marvell uses coy to describe how shy the lady is and how she doesnt want to show her feelings in Ending Ewart describes the woman as cold and coy because shes no longer interested in the man. Personification is used in both poems Marvell personifies time as a chariot and Ewart personifies romance when he says that it has gone away. Metaphors are also used with the gates in To His Coy Mistress and the barges in Ending. The two poems contain assonance which is two rhyming sounds in the same line. Rather at once our time devour, here Marvell rhymes our with devour. In Ending, then phrase is now lie inert as four moored barges. The words included here are four and moored because they have the same vowel sound. The two poems also contain roughly eight syllables in each line. I am now going to look at the contrasts between the two poems. The first obvious point of contrast is that To His Coy Mistress is a poem about the beginning of love whereas Ending is about the end of a relationship. The speaker in To His Coy Mistress is interested in the woman and is trying to seduce her whereas the speaker in Ending is disinterested in the woman as he reflects upon the relationship which has ended. To His Coy Mistress is old-fashioned because it was written in the seventeenth century. Ending is quite a modern poem because it was written towards the end of the twentieth century. The language used in To His Coy Mistress is esoteric and complex language whereas in Ending, the language is simple and contemporary. To His Coy Mistress is persuasive but Ending is reflective. To His Coy Mistress is also formal and rhetorical whereas Ending is informal. The structures of the two poems differ because Ending has only one section which is fourteen lines long. To His Coy Mistress on the other hand has forty-six lines which are separated into three sections. There is a woman mentioned in both poems but the difference is that she is present in To His Coy Mistress but absent in Ending. In To His Coy Mistress the tones vary with each section, for example, in the first section it is low-pitched but it suddenly changes to an even lower pitch in the second section. The tone in Ending is constant throughout. The mood of the male speaker varies in To His Coy Mistress as he talks about death and time whereas the mood of the male speaker in Ending remains the same. Another difference between the two poems is the rhythm and metre. In To His Coy Mistress the rhythm is irregular, however, in Ending it is regular. In conclusion, I like both poems, but I prefer To His Coy Mistress because it is a very descriptive and persuasive poem. I am fascinated by the way Marvell uses the idea of death to persuade a woman into a relationship. The way that he personifies time is effective as well. I prefer To His Coy Mistress mainly because of the complex language used by the poet.

Cyrano De Bergiac Appearance essays

Cyrano De Bergiac Appearance essays In my personal essay i chose the umbrealla theme of Cyrano deBergerac as my topic. Which asks if we tend to take importance on how we look than on any other thing that is or should be more important. However in Cyrano deBergerac view he concerns about his nose as being a drawback into his appearance and concern more on his appearance than anything else. In my opinion i would have to say i agree with him. i think that people often tend to be more interested in appearance more than in other things such as personallity, intelligence, ect... It seems that Roxanne was interested in Christain by his looks, and then even more by the ghost-writting of Cyrano which Christain tkaes credit for. Also she was never in love in Cyrano and his writting even though he was all of what Roxanne wanted in a man except that he wasnt attractive. It seems the first thing that people look at when they meet someone is appearance. Thats what i do and most of the people i know do. I also think the media plays a major part in this now at this time. Turn on your TV and guess what youll find another pretty face. It appears that the media is expoliting all the people born with pretty faces or good looks. Its also saying if you dont look good your not going to be a star. I bet alot of ugly or not so good looking people have as much or even more talent than the people we see on tv yet nobody notices them. For example: TV shows like Baywatch or Friends have a cast of people who are good looking. Not only do you have this in show business but in the music industry too: belive it or not . If you watch MTV like I do youll know what im talking about. All you ever see are these teen singers that look hot like Brittney Spears or Christina Agulara, not only them but you get people like backstreet boys or nsync who drive the 12-15 year old girls crazy. And the ...

An Analysis of the Current Developments in International Advertising Essay - 1

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Discussion Board reply Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

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The Judgment of leaders Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Optically Active Pharmaceutical Compounds Biology Essay

Optically Active Pharmaceutical Compounds Biology Essay The molecules which are non super imposable mirror images of one another are termed as chiral. These are a pair of enantiomers and are diasymmetric as well as optically active. Since they promote optical rotation, these enantiomers are also known as optical isomers. These chiral molecules consist of a tetrahedral carbon atom which is attached to four different groups. The carbon atom is the stereogenic or the asymmetric centre of the molecule. The enantiomers are similar in their physical and chemical properties in an achiral environment. Enantiomers have different biological properties. This influences the efficacy and the toxicity of the compounds. Usually, one of the enantiomers is bioactive and the others may be inactive or toxic. Example, Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker used for the treatment for blood pressure, angina. The (S) isomer treats the increase in BP more effectively than the racemate form. The (R) isoform inhibits resistance of cancer cells to anti cancer drugs (Crosby, 1991). The enantiomerically pure compounds are very useful and vital in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. It has also been shown that the optically pure and chiral compounds should be used rather than mixture of enantiomers. The optically active pure compounds are used to produce antibodies, hormones, anti inflammatory, amino acids, vitamins, anti cancer drugs, cardiovascular drugs. Chiral chromatography or ligand exchange chromatography was an analytical technique used for separating enantiomers. High performance liquid chromatography whereby chiral stationary phase is used was efficient in separation of enantiomers. The optically active ligands like amino acids are bound covalently to a solid support, thereby forming a chiral stationary phase. Various amino acid derivatives like N -(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) phenyl glycines are also used.(Pirkle and Pochapsky,1987). The major advantage of chromatography is that it results in high enantiomeric excess and is suitable on the analytical scale. However, its drawback is that the scale up is difficult. The production of enantiomers for optically active drugs may be produced by different methods. Pure compounds are recovered by various extraction techniques from chiral compounds (alkaloids, carbohydrates) exist as pure enantiomers naturally. Fermentation of cheap substrates which are available in abundance (like molasses and sucrose) was a widely used source of single chiral molecules lactic, tartaric and L- amino acids and also for complex substances which include vitamins, antibiotics and hormones.(Buchta,1983). Optically pure compounds may be prepared from inactive starting materials by asymmetric synthesis and resolution of racemates. In the process of asymmetric synthesis (Stinson,1993) an enantiomeric reagent or catalyst is used for carrying out a specific reaction on an achiral substrate (prochiral) to produce a single chiral product. Overall, it is a selective technique as it leads to product selectivity. Its disadvantages are that it may be expensive due to the numerous steps involved and also because of the use of costly enantiomeric reagents. It is cheaper to produce a racemic mixture and then separate the enantiomers by physical methods like kinetic resolution or diastereomeric crystallization. Covalent derivatives are formed using optically pure resolving agents in the diastereomic crystallization method. The drawback is that it is wasteful since the unwanted isomer may be discarded. On the other hand, kinetic resolution is based on the principle that two enantiomers react at vari able rates in the presence of a chiral catalyst like an enzyme. This method involves product selectivity. Biotransformation has also become a key technology used to produce chiral substances. It was used by many companies Eg. Celgene Corporation developed procedures to produce amines by using amino transferase (Celgene corporation,1990).The main advantage of this procedure is that it allows 100% theoretical conversion of the substrate into the final product. Membrane chirotechnology is also a widely used method for producing optically pure isomers. In this procedure, the membrane itself maybe intrinsically enantioselective. This means that the membrane represents a chiral system that separates the desired isomers on the basis of spatial conformation. On the other hand, a membrane separation process may be combined with kinetic resolution by making use of an enantiospecific biocatalyst.That is, the membrane helps in the separation of the product from the substrate on the basis of their chemical properties like solubility. Enantiospecific catalytic membrane reactors may also be used. These comprise of membrane processes which are advantageous as they have the ability to work in a continuous mode and enormous amounts of material could be processes at once. The competitive production of chiral substances requires a large scale, cheap process for the production and separation of the enantiomers. Eg. Pyridoxal phosphate dependant lyase and transferase were used as catalyst in the synthesis of L- amino acid via the carbon carbon bond formation. (Sheldon,1993) The widely used enantiospecific membrane reactors are ultrafiltration hollow fibre membrane reactor (Responsible for production of L phenylalanine by using dehydrogenase catalyst (Schimdt et al, 1987) ) immobilized enzyme membrane reactor, packed bed continuous bioreactor, biphasic membrane reactor etc. Ultra filtration, electrodialysis and membrane extraction are common separation processes that are combined with biotransformation. Matson and Quinn(1979) showed the optimization in production of amino acids enantiomers and studied the separation of L amino acids from the racemate solution by making use of an impregnated liquid membrane alone with an enzyme immobilised membrane. Production of L-phenylalanine from racemic mixture of D,L phenyl lactate was shown by 2 consecutive biotransformation in an enzyme membrane reactor whereby the enzyme and cofactor(NAD/H) had been compartmentalised behind an ultra filtration membrane.(Schmidt et al, 1987). Intrinsically enantioselective membranes are also widely used. Substances which are optically active can be separated on the basis of there physical stereo selectivity. Polymeric membranes having the enantioselective properties intrinsically may be prepared making use of chiral polymers or by chiral modifications of the achiral porous membrane in the presence of chiral recognition agent like cyclodextrins, cyclophane and oligopeptides. In order to prepare the enantioselective membranes, optically active polyacryl amides and cellulose derivatives may be used. Yoshikawa et al,1996, showed separation of tryptophan, phenylalanine and alanine by ultra filtration using the chiral selector which was molecularly imprinted polymeric membranes(DIDE derivatives). Enzymes have the ability to catalyse a broad spectrum of chemical reactions with great efficiency and selectivity under mild and environmentally friendly conditions. By exploiting the selectivity of enzymes for one form of the enantiomer of a racemic mixture, the enantiomerically enriched compound can be obtained by biocatalytic resolution.(Thomas et al,2002) Most commonly, the hydrolytic enzyme are used since they display a range of advantages like stability, specificity, no requirement of cofactors. Among hydrolases, lipase is most commonly used because of high enantioselectivity, commercial availability and good stability in various media.(Seung Hwan et al,2004) Recently a new technique was introduced to display the peptides and proteins on the surface of gram negative and gram positive bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells. This was done by fusing the peptides to surface anchoring motif; and the technique is known as cell surface display. The cell surface display lipase proved to be an excellent biocatalytic system for the kinetic chiral resolution of the racemic compound. Recent advances have shown the use of enzymes in the synthesis of optically pure drugs and biologically active compounds. Enzymes have the ability to distinguish between the enantiomers of racemic substrates. Various strategies have been developed to improve the stereoselectivity of resolutions catalysed by the enzyme. This includes modification of the substrate, recycling of the product and altering the reaction conditions. By making use of these strategies, enzymes with modest stereoselectivity can also be used but only one enantiomer is produced with high yield. Enzyme can catalyse transformations with high region selectivity and chemo selectivity under mild reactions. This is important in the modification of chiral drugs. Eg. Penicillin acylase causes the hydrolysis of benzyl penicillin without affecting the beta lactam ring and allows the industrial preparation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid which is a precursor for many semi synthetic penicillins. Enzymes (hydrolases) have success fully been used in the synthesis of chiral pharmaceuticals, however modern methods of protein engineering and industrial microbiology help in the production of enzymes which are more inexpensive, stable with broad substrate specificity and high stereoselectivity.(Alexey L.Margolin,1993) Catalytic asymmetric synthesis is the asymmetric synthesis that is catalysed by chiral (transition) metal complex. The reactions that are involved are Redox transformations or carbon carbon bond forming processes that complement enzymatic hydrolytic process. The three types of chemo catalysts that exist are heterogenous metal catalyst, homogenous complex and soluble chiral acid or bases. Emil Fishers work on asymmetric induction which was based on cyanohydrin synthesis was the first reaction subjected to asymmetric catalysis. Enantiomerically pure amino acids, amino alcohols, amines, alcohols and epoxides play an important role as intermediates in the agrochemical and pharmaceutical industry whereby high level of purity and a large quantity is required. The enantiomerically pure active compounds help in improving the economics of the process, thereby leading to reduced quantities applied and less amount of an environmental impact. Chemical process for the manufacturing of amino acids: Even though asymmetric syntheses of amino acids are known (Michael Breuer et al,2004), no economical process has been developed. Bucherer Bergs sub type which is Strecker synthesis was employed for the industrial manufacturing of the racemic amino acids. The alpha amino nitrile is produced from hydrocyanic acid, ammonia and an aldehyde and may be hydrolysed to the amino acid directly or in the presence of carbon dioxide it gets converted into hydantoin. The hydantoin is then subjected to hydrolysis in a basic media to give the racemic amino acid. Another route to the racemic amino acid is amido carbonylation in the presence of a transition metal. Although, there is no commercially viable chemical process for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure amino acid, the production of racemic amino acid is still of great importance because the racemates may be converted to enantiomerically pure compounds by various biocatalytic methods. The catalysts used in the biotransformation are metabolically inactive cells or isolated enzymes. It is the method of choice for the production of enantiomerically pure D- amino acids and various other non natural amino acids. Lyases may be used as biocatalysts in the production of L- Aspartic acid from fumaric acid (Beller et al,2000). Amino acid dehydrogenase (deaminating amino acid oxido reductase) allows enantioselective biotransformation on an industrial scale. These enzymes have low substrate specificity due to which non natural compounds may also be transformed. In addition, they also require co substrates which help in supplying the hydride ions for the reduction of Schiff base. There is also a chemo enzymatic method for amino acid synthesis. In this, L- amino acid gets oxidised by L- amino acid oxidase. Imine (intermediate) gets reduced by Pd-C in ammonium formate buffer. In the resulting racemic mixture, only L enantiomer is utilised by oxidase where as the D- enantiomer accumulates. Therefore, the enantiomeric form of the amino acid which is produced depends entirely on the specificity of the oxidase. The enantiomerically pure amino acid can also be prepared by the racemate resolution. Eg: L and D amino acid can be prepared with the Hydantoinase-carbamoylase system. Production of carboxylic acids: Carboxylic acid can be isolated from natural sources(chiral pool).Naturally occurring chiral compounds obtained from the chiral pool are an alternative to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure products. An examples of a chiral carboxylic acid that is isolated from the natural sources is L (+) tartaric acid (Mitsugi et al,1978). During the fermentation of grape, the isomeric form of tartaric acid separates out as tartarate (potassium hydrogen tartarate).On reacting with calcium chloride or calcium hydroxide and sulphuric acid, isomeric tartaric acid is released; gypsum and yeast residues occur as the by products. Natural carbohydrate building blocks were used for several decades for the preparation of sugar acids which were enantiomerically pure. Another method is the classical chemical synthesis which involves crystallization with enantiomerically pure amines. The enantiomers of the racemic carboxylic acids are known to separate by fractional crystal lization of the diastereomeric salts which are formed with the enantiomerically pure amines. Eg: Thiazolidine carboxylic acid (enantiomerically pure), an intermediate in the synthesis of CP-060- S is isolated by the resolution of racemate with N- benzyl-1-phenylethylamine. (Pompejus et al, 2001) Production of amines: The chemical process involved is the crystallization with chiral carboxylic acids. Isolation of enantiomerically pure amines can be carried out by the crystallization of diastereomeric salts of chiral carboxylic acids with chiral amines (Jacques et al,1980). Thus (R) or (S) 1- phenylethlyamine may be produced on an industrial scale by the crystallization with either (R)- mandelic acid or (S)- malic acid. Mandelic acid was shown to be an important resolving agent for numerous numbers of amines. Dutch resolution is a variant of the classical racemate resolution. In order to reduce the search for an appropriate resolving agent for an amine through combinatorial approach, a mixture of many optically active acids were used. The salt that was precipitated contained several acid anions. Production of optically active amino alcohols: (S)-2-Aminobutanol is an important amino alcohol intermediate which is used for the synthesis of ethambutol (tuberculostatic)and it must be administered in its enantiomerically pure form as it may lead to blindness. The enantiomerically pure form can be obtained from the racemate by carrying out the crystallization with L-Tartaric acid.(Sheldon et al,1993) Production of alcohols: The main process involved was the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones. Noyori et al showed the development of asymmetric hydrogenation of keto esters and ketones. The catalysts used were ruthenium complexes of binap and derivatives like tol-binap (Akutagawa,1995)and segphos. The biotechnological process is mainly the enzyme catalysed resolution. For the resolution of racemate alcohols, enzymatic acylations were developed in early 1980s.The racemic alcohols are made to react with an acylating agent under enzyme catalysis whereby one enantiomer is unconverted whereas the other enantiomer is esterified. The biocatalysts used are bacterial and fungal lipases. Production of epoxides: This includes sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation. The route to the formation of chiral epoxides is based on the optically active diols which may be converted to their respective oxiranes. Another method is the Jacobsen asymmetric epoxidation which is based on (salen) manganese III precatalyst and the hypochlorite is used as the stoichiometric oxidizing agent. The chemical processes may be compared with the biotransformation with respect to the environmental impact and economic efficiency. The drawbacks of the chemical routes are solvent emission or toxicity of certain compounds. On the other hand, chiral technologies are developing rapidly. Highly versatile technologies and procedures are introduced. Most chiral intermediates are produced in minute quantities. Therefore, the criteria that should be considered for the methods introduced are that they should have a broad substrate spectrum, not require specialised equipment and have a cost effective access to a range of products. It is not possible to make general conclusions about the superiority of one type of technology in comparison with the others. The most economic technique will depend on their component which is why each case should be investigated individually. However, in the overall process, the chiral step should be introduced as early as possible but this may be hindered by other factors like racemisation of the unwanted isomer. Membrane chirotechnology is also an emerging technique having several advantages with respect to the purity of simple isomers, productivity and ease of scale up. These techniques have mainly been used at the laboratory scale. Application on a large scale needs more investment especially in developing the experimental set up rather than investigations which have been carried out on chirality that have been developed in the chromatographic field.

Helping Children with Cerebral Palsy: Locomotor Treadmill Training or S

INTRODUCTION Cerebral Palsy is a condition that involves the brain and nervous system which results in disorders in movement, learning, hearing, seeing and thinking. There has been a rise on the number of children who are diagnosed with CP since the 1960’s (Mattern-Baxter, 2010). After a child has been diagnosed with CP, it is important to help them regain their ability to walk. Cerebral palsy is a permanent but not unchanging condition that requires the help of medical professionals, the children and their families (Mattern-Baxter, 2010). Since the recent increase of the number of children diagnosed with CP, researchers has emphasized the importance of intensive intervention at an early stage (Prosser, Lee, VanSant, Barbe, & Lauer, 2010). Ways to help improve the gait kinematics of children with CP are through locomotor treadmill training (LTT) or strength training. There are advantages and disadvantages with both methods. There are also different cases of CP so the effects of these metho ds vary between the children. A disadvantage for locomotor treadmill training is that it is less effective on children with CP less than 4 years old (Mattern-Baxter, 2010). Strength training may improve walking function to some patients but may cause no change or undesired outcomes to others (Damiano, Arnold, Steele & Delp, 2010). It is important to look at the best method that can help improve ambulation in children with CP since the number of children diagnosed with this condition is becoming more frequent. The purpose of this paper is to compare the different studies and determine which strategy is more effective for children with cerebral palsy, treadmill training, or strength training. METHODS In searching for references, the sea... ...aining and which will not. The research on muscle activating pattern should be helpful in determining why strength training helps some patients and not others. Researchers should also include more participants for these studies. REFERENCES Damiano, D., Arnold, A., Steele, K., & Delp, S. (2010). Can Strength Training Predictably Improve Gait Kinematics? A Pilot Study on the Effects of Hip and Knee Extensor Strengthening on Lower- Extremity Alignment in Cerebral Palsy. Physical Therapy, 90(2), 269-279. Mattern-Baxter, K.. (2010). Locomotor Treadmill Training for Children With Cerebral Palsy. Orthopaedic Nursing, 29(3), 169-175. Prosser, L., Lee, S., VanSant, A., Barbe, M., & Lauer, R. (2010). Trunk and Hip Muscle Activation Patterns Are Different During Walking in Young Children With and Without Cerebral Palsy. Physical Therapy, 90(7), 986-997.

Comparative

Though we are all equipped with the ability of loving someone, but the flow of love we let out is different from one to another. Besides, we can also clearly observe a world of different ways of love between couples, husbands and wives, or even mothers and children. For example, in the poem, â€Å"Leaving the Motel†, are two secret lovers sharing their love after an afternoon sexual encounter, while in † After Making Love We Hear Footsteps†, the presence of the couple's child perfect the family love. Thus, different poet will interpret the same topic distinctly.Reading through these two poems, the very first difference that I observe is the tone used in the poem. In â€Å"Leaving the Motel†, everything seems to go so fast, and the speaker keeps looking from here to there carefully and sprightly. Besides, the large uses of enjambment indicates that the actions shouldn't include any pauses and must be done all the way until everything is in the right position, such as the following lines quoted below, Check: is the second bed Unreeled, as agreed? Landlords have to think ahead In case of need, (lines 5-8)Beside the enjambments used in lines, find out that author ingeniously utilized the enjambment between paragraphs such as paragraph 5 to paragraph 6: We've paid. Still, should such things get lonely, An aspirin to preserve Our lilacs, the wayside flowers (lines 19-22) Leave in their vase And from above, it's dawn on me that though they eager to express the true feelings in their minds, they failed to do so. As the tone shift, the word â€Å"still† in line 19 and the truth that â€Å"A few more hours; / That's all† (lines 24-25) reveals nothing could actually last.This kind of erotic love contained not only worrying but also guilt, because the love can't be preserved as long as possible and can't be confirmed under the sun. This tone is much different with the other poem, â€Å"After Making Love We heard Footsteps†. At the beginning of the first stanza, For I can snore like a bullhorn or play loud music or sit up talking with any reasonably sober Irishman (lines 1-3) these lines portray a lighthearted tone. Later author put down the sweet sex of the couple, describing the sounds of the progress in lines 6 and 7, â€Å"but let there e that heavy breathing / or a stifled come-cry anywhere in the house†.In contrast with the brisk and short tone in â€Å"Leaving the Motel†, it is rather meticulous and enthusiastic. Likewise, the tones secretly shift as the third person shows up, the emergence of a little boy. At first, consider the image of boys insecurity in such a big house would be a bad interruption in a negative light, as the boy leaves a question, â€Å"Are you loving and snuggling? May join? † (line 16) But I am utterly wrong as the tone showing me the love the parents hold for their child.In second stanza, which I considered the most touching and convincing one, when spea ker said, â€Å"this one whom habit of memory propels to the ground of his making (line 22) and this blessing love gives again into our arms. † (line 24), they pick up the meaning of sex and it is through the progress that their child came to the family. Hence, the word â€Å"love† in line 24 carries two meanings. One is sex of love and the other is the child of love. Except the tone and internal form, we may also find details about the poems.

Education, A Bet Worth Taking essays

Education, A Bet Worth Taking essays Free college tuition, up-to-date technologies in every classroom, and reduced class sizes. Do not these ideas sound good? All of this and much more can be possible with a state lottery for North Carolina. State lotteries produce additional funds for the state that can be allocated towards educational purposes in hopes of helping to raise a states rankings at the national level. Creating a state lottery for North Carolina would generate additional funds for educational purposes, help to boost the yearly budget, and provide scholarship opportunities for residents. North Carolina is currently one of the twelve states that remain without a lottery and the only one on the east coast (Lottery Supporters Wonder..., 1). It is a shame to think that while our neighboring states are prospering from the luxuries of a lottery, North Carolinians are being left without. Anti-lottery advocates argue that the lottery preys on the poor and uneducated... (McLaughin, 2). However, a study by Money magazine discovered that low income families do not buy a greater portion of lottery tickets, but instead found that ticket purchases are spread evenly between all economic levels (Study Offers New Insights..., 1). Grass Roots organizer, Gary Minter makes a good point when he says, Taxes are mandatory...With a lottery its totally your decision (Lure of the Lottery:, 1), reiterating the fact that just because your state has a lottery you dont have to partake in it by buying a ticket. One of the many hopes that North Carolina teachers have is that with a lottery many crowded schools will be reduced in class sizes. When asked about the lottery, Joyce Elliot, of the North Carolina Association of Educators (NCAE), replied, It would provide the money in order to hire additional teachers to reduce the sizes of the classes. As research shows children excel greater wit...

Centrosaurus - Facts and Figures

Centrosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Centrosaurus (Greek for pointed lizard); pronounced SEN-tro-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of western North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and three tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Single, long horn on end of snout; moderate size; large frill over head About Centrosaurus It was probably too dumb to notice the difference, but Centrosaurus was definitely lacking when it came to defensive armament: this ceratopsian possessed only a single long horn on the end of its snout, compared to three for Triceratops (one on its snout and two over its eyes) and five (more or less, depending on how youre counting) for Pentaceratops. Like others of its breed, Centrosaurus horn and large frill probably served dual purposes: the frill as a sexual display and (possibly) a way to dissipate heat, and the horn to head-butt other Centrosaurus adults during mating season and intimidate hungry raptors and tyrannosaurs. Centrosaurus is known by literally thousands of fossil remains, making it one of the worlds best-attested ceratopsians. The first, isolated remains were discovered by Lawrence Lambe in Canadas Alberta province; later, nearby, researchers discovered two vast Centrosaurus bonebeds, containing thousands of individuals of all growth stages (newborns, juveniles, and adults) and extending for hundreds of feet. The most likely explanation is that these herds of migrating Centrosaurus were drowned by flash floods, not an unusual fate for dinosaurs during the late Cretaceous period, or that they simply perished of thirst while gathered around a dry water hole. (Some of these Centrosaurus bonebeds are interlaced with Styracosaurus fossils, a possible hint that this even more ornately decorated ceratopsian was in the process of displacing Centrosaurus 75 million years ago.) Recently, paleontologists announced a pair of new North American ceratopsians that seem to have been closely related to Centrosaurus, Diabloceratops and Medusaceratopsboth of which sported their own unique horn/frill combinations reminiscent of their more famous cousin (hence their classification as centrosaurine rather than chasmosaurine ceratopsians, albeit ones with very Triceratops-like characteristics as well). Given the profusion of ceratopsians discovered in North America over the last few years, it may be the case that the evolutionary relationships of Centrosaurus and its nearly indistinguishable cousins have yet to be fully sorted out.

I'm one, Archie Anderson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I'm one, Archie Anderson - Essay Example ing fed up – I’d like to get the government off my back.† This statement possesses a tone of conviction and through the manner by which he conveys the rest of his argument in a piece of story, Anderson exhibits an ethos via defending his natural right to make choices and decisions for himself, as a man of the right age and maturity in a free country. According to him, regulation must be fair to everyone and Anderson acknowledges the good impact of the segregation scheme in restaurants and public places where smokers gather in a particular area apart from non-smokers. However, he expresses fervent disagreement toward the prevailing notion that smoking must be banned anywhere for this would entail terms of illegality being imposed upon his own territory and properties over which he believes he has every right to exercise freedom. He retaliates as well against the probability of charging 800% tax-increase on cigarettes which to him is a such discriminatory proposition of the government. It makes no just treatment for smokers and once the state officials manage to accomplish this task, Anderson figures that the government would have a way of implementing other policies in which prohibitions may further affect the interests of non-smoking parties. With the nature of his argument, Anderson occurs to have effectively delivered pathos through the details that communicate concern regarding suppression of rights especially as he sounds democratic in the process. The target audience is the reader who could be a smoking or a non-smoking individual residing in the U.S. and Anderson calls the audience to a collective thought and action by the logic (logos) that if the government intervenes and is able to carry out certain measures that hold illegal an activity or inclination of most people and the latter fail to react properly, it would be as though they would be deprived of right to options and democracy. Hence, he convinces the target audience by making them perceive

Microbial communities found within the human body Essay

Microbial communities found within the human body - Essay Example it to be a "newly discovered organ" since its existence was not generally recognized until the late 1990s and it is understood to potentially have overwhelming impact on human health. Modern DNA sequencing techniques have enabled researchers to find the majority of these microbes, since the majority of them cannot be cultured in a lab using current techniques.  The ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space is known as â€Å"microbiome†. This term was originally coined by Joshua Lederberg, who argued the importance of microorganisms inhabiting the human body in health and disease. Many scientific articles distinguish "microbiome" and "microbiota" to describe either the collective genomes  of the microorganisms that reside in an environmental niche or the microorganisms themselves, respectively. However by the original definitions these terms are largely synonymous. The  human microbiome  (or  human m icrobiota) is the aggregate of  microorganisms, a microbiome that resides on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, in the  conjunctiva, and in the gastrointestinal tracts. They include  bacteria,  fungi, and  archea. Some of these organisms perform tasks that are useful for the human host. However, the majority have been too poorly researched for us to understand the role they play. Those that are expected to be present, and that under normal circumstances do not cause disease, but instead participate in maintaining health, are deemed members of the â€Å"normal flora†. Most of the microbes associated with humans appear to be not harmful at all, but rather assist in maintaining processes necessary for a healthy body. A surprising finding was that at specific sites on the body, a different set of microbes may perform the same function for different people. For example, on the tongues of two people two entirely different sets of organi sms will break down sugars in the same

Exploring Military Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exploring Military Education - Assignment Example He asserts that military education should equip soldiers to be effective defenders of the USA as well as the effective defenders of the American interest and its partners around the world. This article is credible because it is written by a professor who has deep knowledge of the military education. Professor Joan Johnson-Freese is also the former chair of national Security Affairs at the war college, Newport in the Department of Defense Alfred, M. V., &Nafukho, F. M. (2010). International and Comparative Adult and Continuing Education. In C. E. Kasworm, A. D. Rose, & J. M. Ross-Gordon (Eds.) Handbook Of Adult And Continuing Education (Pp. 93–102). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Bezacie Gerard. (2004). Synergy Between Doctrine, Training And Military Education Military education helps the soldiers to be equipped with the general knowledge since just like any other human activity; war is subject to changes and greatly depends on the choices made during a particular period . Military education also assists the soldiers to solve issues with strict intellectual discipline thus enhancing decision making process as well as equipping and preparing the future commanders in their new roles. This article is credible since it is a publication by the military experts and professionals Kerka, Sandra. (2002). ACVE - Teaching Adults: Is It Different? Eric Publications. Sandra Kerka asserts that adult learning are based on problems and challenges hence emphasizing the need for critical and transformative learning unlike the children’s learning which is dependent and lacks life experience. Adults are likely to be self directive and greatly motivational thus making it possible for soldiers to understand the concepts and importance of the military education. This article is credible because it is peer reviewed and backed by very rich primary resources from professionals such as Drapper, Guffey and Ramp. The article is also published by educational resources inf ormation centre which is a renowned publisher Smit, H., Den Oudendammer, F., Kats, E., & Van Lakerveld, J. (2009). Lifelong Learning on Either Side of the Border: The Effects of Government Policy on Adult Education In The Netherlands And Belgium.European Journal Of Education,  44(2), 257-270. A country’s adult education is dependent on various factors such as historical, cultural and economical and differs in many countries. For instance, in Netherlands, vocational training is emphasized amongst adults just like in Belgium where it is greatly supported too. This article is peer reviewed and scholarly. It is also credible because it has other reliable sources cited in it Maric, L., Krsmanovic, B., Mraovic, T., Gogic, A., Sente, J., & Smajic, M. (2013). The Effectiveness Of Physical Education Of The Military Academy Cadets During A 4-Year Study.  Vojnosanitetski Pregled. Military-Medical and Pharmaceutical Review,  70(1), 16-20. Maric et al studied the main role of physic al education in the cadets’ life and their general personality development by evaluating the effectiveness of physical education. Physical education somewhat develops physical skills but through endurance, strength and speed. This resource is primary since it involves research thus proving its credibility. This study was carried out in the Military academy with a total of 120

Juvenile Adjudication Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Adjudication Essay It is a common knowledge that juvenile offenders in the US were those violating the law and arrested by the authorities at age 17 and lower. Quite a number of researches by psychiatrists and sociologists have been conducted on the causes of juvenile delinquency. It was the 13 year study of McCord and McCord published in 1959 involving 650 eleven year old children that gave credibility and proof to the hypothesis that â€Å"Parental permissiveness and laxness is the cause (†¦) of such delinquent and aggressive behavior. In fact, children coming from homes with permissive parents are thirteen times more likely to produce delinquent and aggressive ehavior than children coming from homes with overly strict and punitive parents†. (Hwang, et al, ca 2007, Abstract). According to the authors, this conclusion was supported with similar study conducted by Paulson involving California adolescents incarcerated for striking their parents in 1990. The Nature of Juvenile Courts It was a common knowledge that a juvenile court was established by different states in the U. S. to handle cases of delinquent, dependent or neglected children under the age of 18. The common law violations of juveniles were delinquency, status offenses, abuse and neglect. The same kind of offense committed by youths in one state is subject to different rules in another state due to the fact that juvenile courts are primarily run by state and county courts and not by the federal government (law. rank. org, 2008). The website further reported that some states adjudicate youths guilty of unlawful acts with both a juvenile and adult sentence. The juvenile sentence is served first and then continues with the adult sentence at age 21 onwards. This extension of the sentence to age 21 is normally under the condition that the delinquent was not eformed or rehabilitated while under a juvenile sentence or his sentence exceeds the number of years till his 21st birt hday. Though each state treats juvenile delinquents differently, the juvenile courts are dedicated to protecting the child’s privacy and well-being and seeing to it that the delinquent is rehabilitated either under house arrest or under the guidance of foster parents and social workers. 2 Despite the efforts of the federal government to curb juvenile crime rates, during the 1980’s, there was an experienced increase in serious crimes committed by youths. Victims of serious crimes were not satisfied seeing the youth not imprisoned and just confined in special rehabilitation house. As a result of the clamor for justice and the increase in violent crimes perpetrated by the youth, some states consider adjudicating the youth offenders under the adult court despite being contrary the juvenile justice law. There were claims that subjecting the youth offenders to adult court and punishment will discourage youth offenders from graduating to full pledge adult criminal. This paper aims to elucidate the issues related to endorsement of uveniles to adult court and those against it and strike a compromise on punishing the youth offenders to bring justice to victims while maintaining the right of due process stipulated in the juvenile court. Juvenile Crime Trends in 2000’s and Policy Changes Young and Gainsborough (2000) claimed that the proportion of juvenile crimes to total arrests in 1998 was about the average for the past 25 years and that of property crime arrests declined throughout the most of the period. The authors claimed further that the one crime category that exhibited significant increase from the overall trend during the 25 year period was urder perpetrated by youth offenders as shown in the following graph: Criminologists Alfred Blumstein and Richard Rosenfeld (cited in Young and Gainsborough, 2000) reported from their analysis that the sudden increase in gun killings were related to the 3 development of the crack markets in metropolitan cities where fierce turf wars were waged with juveniles recruited by market organizers. As more guns came into the streets, juveniles armed themselves with guns for protection and self-defense resulting to spiraling of death cases. The sharp decline of murder cases in recent years according to the criminologists was due to market tabilization of crack and police authorities’ efforts to keep guns off the hands of juveniles. Related to this, according to Myers (2005) in his book Boys Among Men, there has been serious debates in the last 40 years related to juvenile courts’ philosophy, structure and procedure. The author added that â€Å"A variety of critical attacks have focused on such issues as due process violation, ineffective treatments and rehabilitation services, abuse of the juvenile courts’ power, lenient treatment of adolescent offenders and general lack of direction in dealing with adolescent crimes†. (p 71). On incisive analysis, these issues may have contributed heavily to mounting serious juvenile crimes. Myers (2005) claimed that the criticisms combined with the rapid increase of juvenile crimes in 1980 to mid-1990s and heavy media attention in sensationalizing juvenile crimes contributed to the erosion of traditional philosophy and authority of the juvenile courts. The author added that the central issue is the transfer of juveniles to criminal court which was equivalent to a move of criminalizing delinquent behavior. In relation to this, Young and Gainsborough (2000) commented that the legislative esponse to increased wave of serious crime focused on sending more and younger children to adult criminal court with the intention of discouraging the juveniles from committing murder crimes. The authors reported that since 1992, almost all states has made legislation to make it easier to try juveniles in adult court. The federal government through Congress initiative in 1998 provided additional grants to states with legal policies related to prosecution of those 14 and above as adults. It was an accepted practice since the inception of juvenile justice system hat serious and chronic crimes done by juveniles can be transferred to adult criminal court through a process of judicial waiver following a hearing in front of a judge in juvenile court. In reaction to mounting serious juvenile offenses, the judicial waiver was broadened to allow 4 juvenile court judges to transfer younger juveniles and those with less serious offenses to adult court by means of mandatory waiver. The authors further added that prosecutorial discretion was broadened to allow prosecutors more authority in their hands to file juvenile cases to either juvenile or criminal court as they choose. The statutory exclusion was also expanded to exclude certain juvenile offender categories from juvenile court jurisdiction based both on age and nature of offense. The legal provision of â€Å"Once an adult, always an adult† was enacted by almost all states which in effect automatically place the juvenile in adult court for the trial of subsequent lesser offenses once the offender was tried previously in criminal court. The policy changes resulted to abnormally high rate of juvenile children being tried as adults. The authors revealed that per data of Amnesty International in 1998, as many as 200,000 outh under 18 years of age were prosecuted in criminal courts. In 13 states which set the upper age limit of juvenile court jurisdiction at 15 rather than 18, a total of 180,000 juveniles were adjudicated in adult court. Although the central objective of the laws facilitating juvenile offenses prosecution in adult court was to discouraged homicide and violent crimes, the impact was much wider. The authors reported that in 1996, more than half of the cases waived to criminal court were non-violent drug and property offenses; 43% were person offenses, 37% were property offenses, 14% were drug related and 6% were public order disturbance. Moreover, racial disparities were very evident; 67% of juvenile adjudications were black and 77% of juveniles sent to prison were minorities (60% black, 15% Hispanics and 1% American Indians and Asians). Despite using drugs at a much lower propensity than whites (15. 7% of blacks, 16. 7% of Hispanics , 19. 6% of whites aged 12 to 17), 75% of juveniles charged with drug offenses in adult court were black and 95% of juveniles sentenced to adult prison were minorities. It was very evident that discrimination toward minorities which should not be the case actually happened as a result of juvenile transfer to adult courts.

The Identity of an American Puerto Rican Essay example -- Race Identit

The Identity of an American Puerto Rican Am I "American" or "Puerto Rican", a question that wanders along the halls of my mind all the time? Many Puerto Ricans might not agree, but I feel that I am, "American", Puerto Rican American that is. As a child my own parents deprived me of my culture and true identity. They spoke to me in a language that many Puerto Ricans refused or detested to learn, English. The only thing I can actually say that I know about Puerto Rican heritage is the comida we shared during family gatherings. "In Spanish the words are habichuelas con arroz; in English, rice and beans; and in any language they translate into the food staples of island life" (p. 59, Fernandez). I went to Puerto Rico when I was four years old and haven’t been ever since. I remember limbers and roosters crowing and hot floors burning my feet but nothing about my generations past. It’s sad to know nothing about an island that many of my own kind are very proud of. I’m clueless of what my Puerto Rican people h ave actually been through. Political, economics, social relations and identity issues, what about them, I wonder. All I know about the island’s history is that we are Puerto Ricans from an island in the Caribbean called Puerto Rico. We are Puerto Rican Americans to my knowledge. We are Puerto Rican Americans because we are a commonwealth island being assisted by the American Government so that gives us some affiliation to being American. Those of us who were born and raised in the United States are Puerto Rican Americans whether we want to admit it or not. The majority deny that they are American, maybe because of our historical past with governmental issues and struggles in the early and late eighteenth century. Who knew we w... ...r school day mornings with the pledge of allegiance, the "Star Spangled Banner", and "America the Beautiful", teachers hoped to instill the love of country that would make islanders 100 percent Americans" (p.56, Fernandez). Americans had many visions for the Island of Puerto Rico of which many, till this day, are still trying to be touched on. From fighting the Spanish-American War to invading the island, the Puerto Rican people did not once stop fighting for what was there’s. Americans tried so hard to make Puerto Rico a little America but through many struggles, were denied all rights. Puerto Ricans have to admit that, though they are not an official state of the United States of America, they are in a sense, still Americans because they have citizenship. And because some finally accepted the English language as a second language, whether by choice or by force. The Identity of an American Puerto Rican Essay example -- Race Identit The Identity of an American Puerto Rican Am I "American" or "Puerto Rican", a question that wanders along the halls of my mind all the time? Many Puerto Ricans might not agree, but I feel that I am, "American", Puerto Rican American that is. As a child my own parents deprived me of my culture and true identity. They spoke to me in a language that many Puerto Ricans refused or detested to learn, English. The only thing I can actually say that I know about Puerto Rican heritage is the comida we shared during family gatherings. "In Spanish the words are habichuelas con arroz; in English, rice and beans; and in any language they translate into the food staples of island life" (p. 59, Fernandez). I went to Puerto Rico when I was four years old and haven’t been ever since. I remember limbers and roosters crowing and hot floors burning my feet but nothing about my generations past. It’s sad to know nothing about an island that many of my own kind are very proud of. I’m clueless of what my Puerto Rican people h ave actually been through. Political, economics, social relations and identity issues, what about them, I wonder. All I know about the island’s history is that we are Puerto Ricans from an island in the Caribbean called Puerto Rico. We are Puerto Rican Americans to my knowledge. We are Puerto Rican Americans because we are a commonwealth island being assisted by the American Government so that gives us some affiliation to being American. Those of us who were born and raised in the United States are Puerto Rican Americans whether we want to admit it or not. The majority deny that they are American, maybe because of our historical past with governmental issues and struggles in the early and late eighteenth century. Who knew we w... ...r school day mornings with the pledge of allegiance, the "Star Spangled Banner", and "America the Beautiful", teachers hoped to instill the love of country that would make islanders 100 percent Americans" (p.56, Fernandez). Americans had many visions for the Island of Puerto Rico of which many, till this day, are still trying to be touched on. From fighting the Spanish-American War to invading the island, the Puerto Rican people did not once stop fighting for what was there’s. Americans tried so hard to make Puerto Rico a little America but through many struggles, were denied all rights. Puerto Ricans have to admit that, though they are not an official state of the United States of America, they are in a sense, still Americans because they have citizenship. And because some finally accepted the English language as a second language, whether by choice or by force.

Ethnicity and Education Essay

Most studies found that overall ethnic minorities tend to do less well than other members of the population when it comes to educational achievement. The government sponsored â€Å"Swann report† found that â€Å"Asians† did almost as well as â€Å"Whites† however not as well, one Asian group in particular the â€Å"Bangladeshi’s† did particularly badly and â€Å"West Indians† preformed considerably worse than â€Å"Whites†. Many factors which occur inside the school are the cause of educational achievement however other factors contribute. The expectations of teachers on ethnic minorities have caused differences in educational achievement. Bernard Coard believes that teachers expect â€Å"Black† children to fail therefore labelling the child as a failure. Interactionalists are concerned with how teachers â€Å"pidgeonhole† students this is the labelling theory, this is where the teacher makes a judgement of the child based on the child’s appearance, behaviour, previous family members and relationships with other students. However most labels are based on stereotypes rather than evidence, the reality is that once a label starts it is difficult to get rid of and this can cause problems for a student’s educational achievement. Teachers will discuss the students label in the staff room and other teachers will attach the same label to the child and this can lead to the child not being allowed to attend school trips. If a student is labelled as a failure by a teacher then the teacher is likely to put the student into a lower tier exam thus the pupil can only achieve a maximum of a grade C and can’t achieve to the best of their ability. When a student is labelled as a failure the student can begin to believe that the label is true and begin to make it part of their part of their identity, become a failure this is known as the self-fulfilling prophecy thus creating ethnic differences in educational achievement within the school system. David Hardgreves argues that anti school sub cultures can be formed as a result of negative labelling. However Maureen Stone and Swann both indicate that those who are labelled may not accept their labels. Institutional Racism within schools can lead to educational achievement and the differences it causes within ethnic minorities. The â€Å"Swann report† found that a small number of teachers are consciously racist however there are a great deal of teachers who are â€Å"unintentionally† racist. Bernard Coard states that the British educational system makes children become educationally subnormal he states that â€Å"West Indian children are told that their language is second rate and unacceptable† he states that within the British educational system the word â€Å"White† is associated with â€Å"good† and the word â€Å"Black† with evil. Coard also states that the attitudes portrayed in the classroom are reinforced by the pupils outside of the classroom. Many sociologists would also argue that the mispronunciation of student’s names and not learning them can be classed as racism within the school system. Cecile Wright found that majority of staff are committed to ideals of equality but despite these ideals there are still considerable amounts of discrimination in the classroom. Asian children were often excluded from discussions and teachers expressed an â€Å"open disapproval of their customs and traditions†, these comments from teachers made Asian children feel more isolated from other pupils. Martin Hammersley found that racist comments in the staffroom did not lead to racism in the classroom. J. Taylor found that â€Å"most teachers are concerned to have a fair policy towards the treatment of black pupils†. Mac an Ghaill studied 25 afro Caribbean and Asian students studying A levels. He found that â€Å"although they disagreed over the extent of racism within education, this did not directly determine their attitude to education and their levels of academic success. The way that students responded to schooling varied and this was influenced by their ethnic group†. This could eventually lead to the formation of anti-school sub cultures. These are pupils who have rejected some or all of the values and rules set down in the school ethos. Peter Woods identified 8 different groups ranging from Ingratiation total conformity to Rebellion outright rejection of school rules and values. This can cause ethnic differences in educational achievement within the school system. The Ethocentric curriculum can cause ethnic differences in educational achievement this is the school being biased towards one particular culture. Many sociologists argue that the curriculum is geared towards white middle class students. The curriculum is set in place for white middle class students and this means that ethnic minorities will not understand the curriculum and will fall behind and not do well thus leading to educational underachievement. Parents from ethnic minorities may not be able to afford or have the right experience to make an informed choice on the best school to suit their children’s needs whereas middle class parents have the money and correct experience to make an informed decision on the best school for their child. Ethnic differences in educational achievement are the result of school factors however other factors have significance. Material Deprivation is the effect poverty has on educational achievement. Poorer parents from ethnic minorities may not be able to provide their children with the educational toys needed such as computers. Cramped housing means less space to study. High rate of illness can lead to missing days of school. Children from poorer backgrounds may need to contribute to the financial running of the home thus getting part time jobs which will affect their studies and will leave school at the earliest opportunity to start work. Harker states that overcrowding causes a negative effect on educational achievement which can cause differences in ethnic minorities which can cause bullying and truancy. Cultural Deprivation is the term used to describe serious inadequacies in the socialisation process and its effects on educational achievement. Poor parenting means children underachieving in education. Many sociologists argue that ethnic minorities tend to be more fatalistic meaning that parents tend to have low aspirations and expectations for their child meaning less emphasis is placed on doing well in education. Whereas â€Å"White† middle classes would have high aspirations and high expectations. Socialisation focuses on the values, expectations and norms transmitted from parents to children. Children from Ethnic tend to focus on immediate gratification where they try to reep their rewards at the earliest opportunity such as leaving school at 16 to earn money. Whereas â€Å"White† middle class children aim for a bright future described as deferred gratification which is putting off short term rewards to gain better rewards in the future. Cultural Deprivation can affect the way parents prepare their children for school. Working class children would sit and watch T. V. whereas middle class parents would take their children to museums. Driver and Ballard state that high achievement in Asian groups may be linked to the fact that they live in close knit families that can help each other. Price highlighted a high rate of single parent families in black Caribbean communities which may explain high underachievement. Linguistic Deprivation is the ability to use appropriate language which is an important factor in educational success. Bernstein came up with two codes of language Restricted and Elaborate codes. The Restricted code is used in casual situations. This is limited vocabulary and Simplistic grammar which can only be understood if you are aware of this topic. The Elaborate code is used in formal situations. This is sophisticated grammar and vocabulary and can be understood if aware of the topic. Bernstein found that White middle class children had the ability to switch between the two codes whereas children from ethnic minorities were limited to using the restricted code. This means they are severely disadvantaged in education where the language is all formal. In conclusion, it is probable that a number of factors work together in producing the lower levels of achievement found in some ethnic groups. The Swann report concluded that racial discrimination inside and outside school along with social deprivation were probably the main factors. Others would add that cultural factors also play some part in explaining the differences.

Team to Achieve Milennium

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF: USING TEAMS to ACHIEVE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS CASE STUDY FOR HCA 6225-01 California State University East Bay – Hayward 02/21/13 1. One feature of the team in this case is frequent turnover among team members. How might turnover among team members affect team performance? What approaches can team leaders to take to minimize potential negative impacts of turnover and gain advantages, if any? Employee/team member turnover may be mostly a negative issue, yet it can become positive if only controlled by the organization correctly and appropriately.Turnover is often utilized as an indicator of the organization performance and it can easily be observed negatively towards the organization’s efficiency and effectiveness. Also, turnover is a natural outcome of an organization which is why it has to be kept to a minimum. In order to minimize the impact of turnover is to first address and understand the issue and cause of the turnover. The purpose of knowing is to raise alertness as to investigate for the â€Å"why†.Once the organization finds out the reasons and cause of turnover, there are variety of actions that the organizations and leadership can execute in order to prevent the effects and impacts of turnover. By ensuring that management learns the cause of turnover and act accordingly, turnover may be reduces or controlled. Lyman Coleman (1989) offers ideas on how to correct and prevent turnovers. His recommendation includes institution of exit interviews and other methods of finding reasons for people turnover. Also the following: * Get involved in finding our the cause of turnover Bring attention to bottom line figures and how turnover affects everyone * Have an open door policy style of managing to allow members to comment on what might be bothering them about their job and roles. * Realize there is more that one problem and pay attention to all. Stay alert * Execute periodic audits of job satisfaction * Have str ict hiring standards * Develop and constant training strategies * Conduct member meetings One of the best recommendation is to have open door policy that will allows the team leaders/organization to hear of issues prior to escalating.Finding and learning about the member job satisfaction and exhaustion early can eliminate turnover. But on the other hand, turnover can be beneficial to the organization by learning which team member to elimination/terminating poor performances that affect the organizations performance, this allowing for internal promotion and hiring new team members with innovative ideas. New team members can often bring positive input into the organization that can help handle turnover (Cintron, p4) In class lectures, team characteristics are discuss which are the following: * Team size, composition, and diversity: Too few or too many members may reduce performance * Diversity affects way individuals perceive each other and how well they work together * Status differe nces: * May motivate others or act as source of conflict and tension * Psychological safety * Perceptions about consequences of interpersonal risks in work environment * Team norms * Standard shared by team members regulating member behavior * Team cohesiveness * Extent members are committed to group task As a result it will follow into the model of team effectiveness. (HCA 6225, CH5) 2.Consumers or patients are sometimes involved in quality improvement teams, but in this role, they may feel that their voices are unimportant or that participation is symbolic rather than substantive. Do you think that consumers should be involved in the improvement teams in this case? Why or why not? If consumer involved, how can team leaders and members most effectively utilize their knowledge and insights? Consumers or patients can play an important role in shaping managed care by expressing their voice on issues; by participating in governance, management or otherwise; through representatives; or by some combination of these.So I suggest yes that they should be involve on the team improvement teams. Their Participation refers to active involvement on implementation. They can participate in oversight, governance, operations, opinion surveys, and complaints. Also according to Rodwin, the aims of early Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) parallel those of consumer/ patient movements. Managed care offers many benefits. It can increase access to primary and preventive care (with minimal or no out of pocket costs). It can also monitor and improve the practices of physicians and other health care providers and coordinate and rationalize the services of specialists.It can also control spending. Consumer involvement can put managers in touch with the experience and desires of customers. It can provide balance and perspective. Although they are being part of the team performance, their voice should be limited and watch over. Consumer voice, participation and representation program s, however, need to be viewed critically because they might demand too many services and can become divided and polarize issues, leading to increased conflict. So therefore, future challenge is to foster balanced, appropriate and effective use of consumer voice. 3.Even when team improvement efforts achieve change, the sustainability of change remains a pervasive challenge. In fact, sustainability of the teams may be problematic. What are the particular obstacles to sustaining the improvements achieved by teams in this case? Similarly, what factors might lead to the dissolution of the improvement teams over time? As a team leader, what strategic might be used to sustain change and to uphold the vitality of the team over time? Although teams have the capability to boost productivity and improve quality, they can also have the potential to increase costs and stress.As a result it can lead to lack of communication and motivation that can lead to the dissolution of the improvement of the teams over time. Team leadership should have skills pertaining to conflict resolution, overcoming communication obstacles, and effective structure techniques. Understanding the five stages of team development, which are the following: Stage 1: Forming In the Forming stage, personal relations are characterized by dependence. Group members rely on safe, patterned behavior and look to the group leader for guidance and direction.Group members have a desire for acceptance by the group and a need to know that the group is safe. They set about gathering impressions and data about the similarities and differences among them and forming preferences for future subgrouping. Rules of behavior seem to be to keep things simple and to avoid controversy. Serious topics and feelings are avoided. The major task functions also concern orientation. Members attempt to become oriented to the tasks as well as to one another. Discussion centers around defining the scope of the task, how to approach it, an d similar concerns.To grow from this stage to the next, each member must relinquish the comfort of non-threatening topics and risk the possibility of conflict. Stage 2: Storming The next stage, called Storming, is characterized by competition and conflict in the personal- relations dimension an organization in the task-functions dimension. As the group members attempt to organize for the task, conflict inevitably results in their personal relations. Individuals have to bend and mold their feelings, ideas, attitudes, and beliefs to suit the group organization.Because of â€Å"fear of exposure† or â€Å"fear of failure,† there will be an increased desire for structural clarification and commitment. Although conflicts may or may not surface as group issues, they do exist. Questions will arise about who is going to be responsible for what, what the rules are, what the reward system is, and what criteria for evaluation are. These reflect conflicts over leadership, structure , power, and authority. There may be wide swings in members’ behavior based on emerging issues of competition and hostilities.Because of the discomfort generated during this stage, some members may remain completely silent while others attempt to dominate. In order to progress to the next stage, group members must move from a â€Å"testing and proving† mentality to a problem-solving mentality. The most important trait in helping groups to move on to the next stage seems to be the ability to listen. Stage 3: Norming In the Norming stage, interpersonal relations are characterized by cohesion. Group members are engaged in active acknowledgment of all members’ contributions, community building and maintenance, and solving of group issues.Members are willing to change their preconceived ideas or opinions on the basis of facts presented by other members, and they actively ask questions of one another. Leadership is shared, and cliques dissolve. When members begin to k now-and identify with-one another, the level of trust in their personal relations contributes to the development of group cohesion. It is during this stage of development (assuming the group gets this far) that people begin to experience a sense of group belonging and a feeling of relief as a result of resolving interpersonal conflicts.The major task function of stage three is the data flow between group members: They share feelings and ideas, solicit and give feedback to one another, and explore actions related to the task. Creativity is high. If this stage of data flow and cohesion is attained by the group members, their interactions are characterized by openness and sharing of information on both a personal and task level. They feel good about being part of an effective group. The major drawback of the norming stage is that members may begin to fear the inevitable future breakup of the group; they may resist change of any sort.Stage 4: Performing The Performing stage is not reach ed by all groups. If group members are able to evolve to stage four, their capacity, range, and depth of personal relations expand to true interdependence. In this stage, people can work independently, in subgroups, or as a total unit with equal facility. Their roles and authorities dynamically adjust to the changing needs of the group and individuals. Stage four is marked by interdependence in personal relations and problem solving in the realm of task functions. By now, the group should be most productive.Individual members have become self-assuring, and the need for group approval is past. Members are both highly task oriented and highly people oriented. There is unity: group identity is complete, group morale is high, and group loyalty is intense. The task function becomes genuine problem solving, leading toward optimal solutions and optimum group development. There is support for experimentation in solving problems and an emphasis on achievement. The overall goal is productivit y through problem solving and work. Stage 5: AdjourningThe final stage, Adjourning, involves the termination of task behaviors and disengagement from relationships. A planned conclusion usually includes recognition for participation and achievement and an opportunity for members to say personal goodbyes. Concluding a group can create some apprehension – in effect, a minor crisis. The termination of the group is a regressive movement from giving up control to giving up inclusion in the group. The most effective interventions in this stage are those that facilitate task termination and the disengagement process. Reference: Burns, L. Bradley, E. , and Weiner, B. (2012). Shortell & Kaluzny's Health Care Management: Organization Design ; Behavior, (6th Edition), Clifton Park, New York: Delmar Cengage Learning. Cintron, Rene. Employee Turnover: Causes, Effects, and Prevention. Retrieved on February 09, 2013 from www. renecintron. com/files/Employee_Turnover. doc Coleman, L. G (1989 , December 4) Human Resources Management: An Experimental Approach )2nd custom edition) Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. HCA 6225-01. Chapter 05 powerpoint. Retrieved on February 08,2013 from https://bb. csueastbay. du/webapps/portal/frameset. jsp? tab_tab_group_id=_30_1;url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D%20_396854_1%26url%3D Marc A. Rodwin, May 1998. Address comments to Marc A. Rodwin, Associate Professor, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. 47405 Tuckman, B. (1965) Developmental Sequence in Small Groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 384-399.? Tuckman, B. ; Jensen, M. (1977) Stages of Small Group Development. Group and Organizational Studies, 2, 419- 427. http://www. drexel. edu/oca/l/tipsheets/Group_Development. pdf